{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T17:43:29Z","timestamp":1790703809369,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research","award":["20K09611"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K09611"]}]},{"name":"Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research","award":["24K12543"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24K12543"]}]},{"name":"Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research","award":["22K16843"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22K16843"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)\/Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Japan","award":["20K09611"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K09611"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)\/Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Japan","award":["24K12543"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24K12543"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)\/Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Japan","award":["22K16843"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22K16843"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The villous trophoblast cells are of fundamental importance because they fulfill a variety of functions that are vital for the growth of the fetus and the maintenance of pregnancy. A simple in vitro villous trophoblast cell model that grows on standard tissue culture plates has been utilized for various functional studies on villous trophoblast cells. Despite the potential value of incorporating electron microscopy analysis in reports on functional analysis of primary human trophoblast cells, electron microscopy analysis is exclusively ancillary to functional analysis in previous publications. In the context of autophagy research of villous trophoblast cells using primary trophoblast cells, a detailed ultrastructural analysis of autophagy flux using electron microscopy is imperative; however, it has not been conducted to date. In this study, we isolated term villous trophoblast cells (i.e., cytotrophoblast cells, CTB cells) using the most up-to-date isolation method for isolating pure CTB cells from human term placenta and investigated the ultrastructural dynamic process of autophagy of cultured CTB cells by means of transmission electron microscopy. The initial 6 h culture resulted in CTB cell aggregation; however, the majority of CTB cells did not differentiate into syncytial cells. In contrast, after 72 h, CTB cells exhibited a promotion of differentiation into syncytial cells. The electron microscopy analysis revealed the upregulation of autophagy and visualized unique autophagic profiles during differentiation into syncytial cells, which exhibited perinuclear accumulation of extremely large autophagosomes\/autolysosomes. This study provides novel insights into the reproductive biology of primary trophoblast cells, thereby demonstrating the substantial value of primary trophoblast cells as research resources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26031321","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T07:41:44Z","timestamp":1738654904000},"page":"1321","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Upregulation of Autophagy During the Differentiation of Primary Human Term Cytotrophoblast Cells into Syncytial Cells: Ultrastructural Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Shohei","family":"Tozawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Anatomy, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1652-9438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hironori","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syunya","family":"Noguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Anatomy, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takami","family":"Takizawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Anatomy, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takanobu","family":"Sakurai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Anatomy, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8861-1572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akihide","family":"Ohkuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8888-9937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Fujiwara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshihiro","family":"Takizawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Anatomy, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turco, M.Y., and Moffett, A. 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