{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T20:57:42Z","timestamp":1791406662623,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The membrane fluidity increases induced by popular anesthetic agents (propofol, isoflurane, sevoflurane, and ketamine\/xylazine) were measured at the clinical and supra-clinical concentrations in red blood cell (RBC) membrane as well as four model membranes. Membrane fluidity changes were monitored using the excimer\/monomer (E\/M) ratio of dipyrene-PC and fluorescence anisotropies of DPH-PC and TMA-DPH. Propofol, sevoflurane and isoflurane increased membrane fluidity instantaneously. The largest increase occurs in membranes made of saturated lipids. RBCs were labeled with TMA-DPH, and the increase in membrane fluidity at clinical concentrations of isoflurane and sevoflurane was more than that induced by ten times the legal limit of alcohol in human blood. However, membrane fluidity was essentially unchanged by ketamine\/xylazine up to 210 \u00b5M. These results strongly correlate with our recent in vivo experiments and reveal a clear connection between increasing membrane fluidity in model membranes, increasing the blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB) permeability in mice, and inducing effective anesthesia in animals. Interestingly, at the most commonly used clinical concentrations, the membrane fluidity increases induced by propofol, sevoflurane, and isoflurane were very similar, despite the fact that different categories of anesthetics were used and their chemical concentrations were different by 100 times. This indicates that at clinical concentrations of these anesthetics, a similar level of membrane disruption at the BBB is achieved. Thus, our results strongly support the lipid hypothesis of the mechanism of general anesthetics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26031337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T04:15:41Z","timestamp":1738728941000},"page":"1337","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A Comparative Study of Common Anesthetics Propofol, Sevoflurane, Isoflurane and Ketamine on Lipid Membrane Fluidity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Muhammad Bilal","family":"Siddique","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ehsan","family":"Nozohouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA"},{"name":"Center for Blood-Brain Barrier Research, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7328-0993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yeseul","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA"},{"name":"Center for Blood-Brain Barrier Research, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumaih","family":"Zoubi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA"},{"name":"Center for Blood-Brain Barrier Research, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2721-299X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrich","family":"Bickel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA"},{"name":"Center for Blood-Brain Barrier Research, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juyang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"431","article-title":"A conformational model of the action of general anesthetics at the membrane level. 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