{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T19:50:50Z","timestamp":1790884250768,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Slovenian Research Agency","award":["P4-0176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P4-0176"]}]},{"name":"Slovenian Research Agency","award":["J4-4563"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J4-4563"]}]},{"name":"Slovenian Research Agency","award":["J7-4640"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J7-4640"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The innate immune system plays an important role in protecting the organism via recognizing the danger signals and pathogens through pattern recognition receptors. By sensing the danger signal and conveying the signaling towards the elimination of the threat, several families of these receptors, expressed on different myeloid and innate lymphoid cells, serve as the first defense line in the innate immunity. Toll-like receptors, C-type lectin receptors, and many other receptors therefore illustrate the importance of the protective role of the immune system. This was additionally confirmed by CAR T-cell-based cancer immunotherapy, where the patient\u2019s own immune system is being used for successful tumor elimination. CAR T-cells have proven themselves to be a potent therapeutic option, yet in some cases their efficiency could be enhanced. Innate immune sensors that include strong activation and signaling domains, for instance, part of the Toll-like receptors, MyD88 (Myeloid Differentiation Primary Response gene), NKG2D (Natural killer group 2-member D), and many other domains, could be used as a CAR building module to increase the functionality and potency of the CAR T-cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26031339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T04:15:41Z","timestamp":1738728941000},"page":"1339","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Enhancing CAR T-Cell Function with Domains of Innate Immunity Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Tja\u0161a","family":"Mlakar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Doctoral Study of Biomedicine, Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mojca","family":"Skrbinek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Doctoral Study of Biomedicine, Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tina","family":"Fink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Centre for Technologies of Gene and Cell Therapy, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9613-5441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Du\u0161ko","family":"Lain\u0161\u010dek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Centre for Technologies of Gene and Cell Therapy, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2016.154","article-title":"Driving gene-engineered T cell immunotherapy of cancer","volume":"27","author":"Johnson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8075","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-021-06752-9","article-title":"Harnessing the immune system against cancer: Current immunotherapy approaches and therapeutic targets","volume":"48","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. 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