{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:48:55Z","timestamp":1760057335193,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Antibody Engineering and Proteomics Facility"},{"name":"Immunity and Infection Research Centre"},{"name":"Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intracellular pathogens represent a challenge for therapy because the antibiotics used need to diffuse into the cytoplasm to target the pathogens. The situation is more complicated in the mycobacteria family because members of this family infect and multiply within macrophages, the cells responsible for clearing microorganisms in the body. In addition, mycobacteria members are enclosed inside pathogen-containing vesicles or phagosomes. The treatments of these pathogens are aggravated when these pathogens acquire resistance to antibiotic molecules. As a result, new antimicrobial alternatives are needed. Niosomes are vesicles composed of cholesterol and nonionic surfactants that can be used for antibiotic encapsulation and delivery. The current study developed a systematic formulation of niosomes to determine the best option for niosome functionalizing for precise delivery to the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium abscessus. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using gallic acid as an antibacterial agent. Then, niosomes were prepared and characterized, following the encapsulation of AgNPs functionalized with a single-chain antibody screened against the cell wall glycopeptidolipid of Mycobacterium abscessus. For a precise delivery of the cargo into macrophages, the niosomes were also functionalized with the polysaccharide fucoidan, taken specifically by the scavenger receptor class A expressed on the surface of macrophages. Results of the study showed a steady decrease in the intracellular pathogen load after 48 h post-infection. In conclusion, this system could be developed into a platform to target other types of intracellular pathogens and as an option for antimicrobial therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26031366","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T04:47:31Z","timestamp":1738817251000},"page":"1366","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["AgNP-Containing Niosomes Functionalized with Fucoidan Potentiated the Intracellular Killing of Mycobacterium abscessus in Macrophages"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Nereyda","family":"Ni\u00f1o-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H3Z6, Canada"},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias, UASLP, Av. Parque Chapultepec 1570, Privadas del Pedregal, San Luis Potos\u00ed 78295, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kayla","family":"Audreyartha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H3Z6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9719-3840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaitlyn","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H3Z6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sol Melchor","family":"Parra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Ciencias, Universidad de las Americas Puebla, Puebla 72810, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4982-5225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Casta\u00f1\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Estomatolog\u00eda, Universidad Autonoma San Luis Potos\u00ed, San Luis Potos\u00ed 78290, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7740-9299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Horacio","family":"Bach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H3Z6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(01)01376-4","article-title":"Entry and Survival of Pathogenic Mycobacteria in Macrophages","volume":"3","author":"Pieters","year":"2001","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.10.013","article-title":"Global Trends of Pulmonary Infections with Nontuberculous Mycobacteria: A Systematic Review","volume":"125","author":"Dahl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.022","article-title":"Non-Tuberculous Mycobacterial Infections\u2014A Neglected and Emerging Problem","volume":"92","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.3201\/2109.141634","article-title":"Mycobacterium Abscessus Complex Infections in Humans","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guti\u00e9rrez, A.V., Viljoen, A., Ghigo, E., Herrmann, J.-L., and Kremer, L. (2018). Glycopeptidolipids, a Double-Edged Sword of the Mycobacterium Abscessus Complex. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01145"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parmar, S., and Tocheva, E.I. (2023). The Cell Envelope of Mycobacterium Abscessus and Its Role in Pathogenesis. PLoS Pathog., 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011318"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Antimisiaris, S.G. (2024). Chapter 2\u2014Basic Concepts of Liposomes: Components, Structures, Properties and Classification. Liposomes in Drug Delivery, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/1556-276X-8-102","article-title":"Liposome: Classification, Preparation, and Applications","volume":"8","author":"Akbarzadeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"297","article-title":"Stealth Liposomes: Review of the Basic Science, Rationale, and Clinical Applications, Existing and Potential","volume":"1","author":"Immordino","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen, J., Al Gailani, M., Yin, N., and Rashidinejad, A. (2018). Liposomes and Niosomes. Emulsion-Based Systems for Delivery of Food Active Compounds, John Wiley and Son Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119247159.ch10"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015008","DOI":"10.1088\/2632-959X\/ad1d02","article-title":"Niosomes Modified with a Novel pH-Responsive Coating (mPEG-OA) Enhance the Antibacterial and Anti-Biofilm Activity of Vancomycin against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus","volume":"5","author":"Osman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nano Ex."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hemmati, J., Chiani, M., Asghari, B., Roshanaei, G., Soleimani Asl, S., Shafiei, M., and Arabestani, M.R. (2024). Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Potentials of Vancomycin-Loaded Niosomal Drug Delivery System against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) Infections. BMC Biotechnol., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12896-024-00874-1"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maurizi, L., Forte, J., Ammendolia, M.G., Hanieh, P.N., Conte, A.L., Relucenti, M., Donfrancesco, O., Ricci, C., Rinaldi, F., and Marianecci, C. (2022). Effect of Ciprofloxacin-Loaded Niosomes on Escherichia Coli and Staphylococcus Aureus Biofilm Formation. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14122662"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haddadian, A., Robattorki, F.F., Dibah, H., Soheili, A., Ghanbarzadeh, E., Sartipnia, N., Hajrasouliha, S., Pasban, K., Andalibi, R., and Ch, M.H. (2022). Niosomes-Loaded Selenium Nanoparticles as a New Approach for Enhanced Antibacterial, Anti-Biofilm, and Anticancer Activities. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-26400-x"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slavin, Y.N., Ivanova, K., Tang, W., Tzanov, T., Li, S., and Bach, H. (2021). Targeting Intracellular Mycobacteria Using Nanosized Niosomes Loaded with Antibacterial Agents. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11081984"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2010.07385.x","article-title":"MmpS4 Promotes Glycopeptidolipids Biosynthesis and Export in Mycobacterium Smegmatis","volume":"78","author":"Deshayes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2006.02.146","article-title":"Fucoidan Induces Nitric Oxide Production via P38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase and NF-\u03baB-Dependent Signaling Pathways through Macrophage Scavenger Receptors","volume":"343","author":"Nakamura","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"311","article-title":"Classification of Surface-Active Agents by \u201cHLB\u201d","volume":"1","author":"Griffin","year":"1949","journal-title":"J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"249","article-title":"Calculation of HLB Values of Non-Ionic Surfactants","volume":"5","author":"Griffin","year":"1954","journal-title":"J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-010-9480-2","article-title":"Formulation and Optimization of Zidovudine Niosomes","volume":"11","author":"Ruckmani","year":"2010","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taymouri, S., and Varshosaz, J. (2016). Effect of Different Types of Surfactants on the Physical Properties and Stability of Carvedilol Nano-Niosomes. Adv. Biomed. Res., 5.","DOI":"10.4103\/2277-9175.178781"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2012.07.006","article-title":"Formulation of Tyloxapol Niosomes for Encapsulation, Stabilization and Dissolution of Anti-Tubercular Drugs","volume":"101","author":"Mehta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2013.02.020","article-title":"Preparation and Characterization of Niosomes Containing Resveratrol","volume":"117","author":"Pando","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.17576\/jsm-2017-4612-22","article-title":"Size and Stability of Curcumin Niosomes from Combinations of Tween 80 and Span 80","volume":"46","author":"Nadzir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sains Malays."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2019.01.012","article-title":"Process Optimization of Ecological Probe Sonication Technique for Production of Rifampicin Loaded Niosomes","volume":"50","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1097\/00041433-199710000-00006","article-title":"The Other Side of Scavenger Receptors: Pattern Recognition for Host Defense","volume":"8","author":"Krieger","year":"1997","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-013-1556-y","article-title":"Ciprofloxacin Nano-Niosomes for Targeting Intracellular Infections: An in Vitro Evaluation","volume":"15","author":"Akbari","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nanopart. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(03)00358-4","article-title":"Liposome Delivery of Ciprofloxacin against Intracellular Francisella Tularensis Infection","volume":"92","author":"Wong","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"48","article-title":"Novel Lignin-Capped Silver Nanoparticles against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria","volume":"5","author":"Slavin","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2021.05.004","article-title":"Methods for Preparation of Niosomes: A Focus on Thin-Film Hydration Method","volume":"199","author":"Thabet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Methods"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/3\/1366\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:27:54Z","timestamp":1760027274000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/3\/1366"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26031366"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26031366","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1422-0067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]]}}}