{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T22:09:37Z","timestamp":1790719777913,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many physiological changes accompany pregnancy, most of them involving metabolic perturbations. Alterations in microbiota composition occur both before and during pregnancy and have recently been correlated with an important role in the development of metabolic complications, such as insulin resistance and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). These changes may be influenced by physiological adaptations to pregnancy itself, as well as by dietary modifications during gestation. Medical nutritional therapy (MNT) applied to pregnant women at risk stands out as one of the most important factors in increasing the microbiota\u2019s diversity at both the species and genus levels. In this review, we discuss the physiological changes during pregnancy and their impact on the composition of the intestinal microbiota, which may contribute to GDM. We also discuss findings from previous studies regarding the effectiveness of MNT in reducing insulin resistance. In the future, additional studies should aim to identify specific gut microbial profiles that serve as early indicators of insulin resistance during gestation. Early diagnosis, achievable through stool analysis or metabolite profiling, may facilitate the timely implementation of dietary or pharmaceutical modifications, thereby mitigating the development of insulin resistance and its associated sequelae.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26031372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T08:53:41Z","timestamp":1738832021000},"page":"1372","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Correlations Between Gut Microbiota Composition, Medical Nutrition Therapy, and Insulin Resistance in Pregnancy\u2014A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9720-8704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert-Mihai","family":"Enache","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oana Alexandra","family":"Ro\u015fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphological Sciences, Cell and Molecular Biology and Histology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Oncology, Elias University Emergency Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7596-7330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Profir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphological Sciences, Cell and Molecular Biology and Histology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Oncology, Elias University Emergency Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciana Alexandra","family":"Pavelescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphological Sciences, Cell and Molecular Biology and Histology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2575-4880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanda Maria","family":"Cre\u0163oiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphological Sciences, Cell and Molecular Biology and Histology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0056-0740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogdan Severus","family":"Gaspar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Surgery Clinic, Bucharest Emergency Clinical Hospital, 014461 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S141","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-s206","article-title":"Increasing prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus: A public health perspective","volume":"30","author":"Ferrara","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-015-0699-x","article-title":"Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes and Risk of Progression to Type 2 Diabetes: A Global Perspective","volume":"16","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0707943","article-title":"Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes","volume":"358","author":"Metzger","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v6.i8.1065","article-title":"Gestational diabetes: A clinical update","volume":"6","author":"Kampmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.10.1862","article-title":"Gestational diabetes and the incidence of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60731-5","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"373","author":"Bellamy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheiner, E. (2020). Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Long-Term Consequences for the Mother and Child Grand Challenge: How to Move on Towards Secondary Prevention?. Front. Clin. Diabetes Healthc., 1.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcdhc.2020.546256"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-016-4275-7","article-title":"The association between a history of gestational diabetes mellitus and future risk for female malignancies","volume":"295","author":"Fuchs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2022.11646","article-title":"New born macrosomia in gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"24","author":"Bernea","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2010.11.013","article-title":"Foetal and neonatal complications in gestational diabetes: Perinatal mortality, congenital malformations, macrosomia, shoulder dystocia, birth injuries, neonatal complications","volume":"36","author":"Mitanchez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2001-0803","article-title":"Intrauterine diabetic environment confers risks for type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity in the offspring, in addition to genetic susceptibility","volume":"14","author":"Dabelea","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60515-8","article-title":"Gestational diabetes: The need for a common ground","volume":"373","author":"Reece","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0098-8","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"5","author":"McIntyre","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-0433-9","article-title":"Gut microbiota in human metabolic health and disease","volume":"19","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0156-z","article-title":"Gut microbial metabolites in obesity, NAFLD and T2DM","volume":"15","author":"Canfora","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Letchumanan, G., Abdullah, N., Marlini, M., Baharom, N., Lawley, B., Omar, M.R., Mohideen, F.B.S., Addnan, F.H., Nur Fariha, M.M., and Ismail, Z. (2022). Gut Microbiota Composition in Prediabetes and Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.943427"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.08.048","article-title":"Distinct gut metagenomics and metaproteomics signatures in prediabetics and treatment-na\u00efve type 2 diabetics","volume":"47","author":"Zhong","year":"2019","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12198","article-title":"Gut metagenome in European women with normal, impaired and diabetic glucose control","volume":"498","author":"Karlsson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.06.011","article-title":"The Gut Microbiota in Prediabetes and Diabetes: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"32","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4345","article-title":"Metformin alters the gut microbiome of individuals with treatment-naive type 2 diabetes, contributing to the therapeutic effects of the drug","volume":"23","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-5491.2003.00985.x","article-title":"Epidemiology of gestational diabetes mellitus and its association with Type 2 diabetes","volume":"21","author":"Yogev","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-0438-4","article-title":"Gut microbial metabolites as multi-kingdom intermediates","volume":"19","author":"Krautkramer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18646","article-title":"Human gut microbes impact host serum metabolome and insulin sensitivity","volume":"535","author":"Pedersen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2781","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-018-0064-z","article-title":"A computational framework to integrate high-throughput \u2018-omics\u2019 datasets for the identification of potential mechanistic links","volume":"13","author":"Pedersen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zakaria, Z.Z., Al-Rumaihi, S., Al-Absi, R.S., Farah, H., Elamin, M., Nader, R., Bouabidi, S., Suleiman, S.E., Nasr, S., and Al-Asmakh, M. (2022). Physiological Changes and Interactions Between Microbiome and the Host During Pregnancy. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.824925"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ionescu, R.F., Enache, R.M., Cretoiu, S.M., and Gaspar, B.S. (2022). Gut Microbiome Changes in Gestational Diabetes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232112839"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giannella, L., Grelloni, C., Quintili, D., Fiorelli, A., Montironi, R., Alia, S., Delli Carpini, G., Di Giuseppe, J., Vignini, A., and Ciavattini, A. (2023). Microbiome Changes in Pregnancy Disorders. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12020463"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gorczyca, K., Obuchowska, A., Kimber-Trojnar, \u017b., Wierzchowska-Opoka, M., and Leszczy\u0144ska-Gorzelak, B. (2022). Changes in the Gut Microbiome and Pathologies in Pregnancy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19169961"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.07.008","article-title":"Host remodeling of the gut microbiome and metabolic changes during pregnancy","volume":"150","author":"Koren","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7010017","article-title":"The impact of diet and lifestyle on gut microbiota and human health","volume":"7","author":"Conlon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-023-00453-4","article-title":"Diet Gut Microbiota Axis in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review of Recent Evidence","volume":"12","author":"Kunasegaran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Nutr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-023-03262-3","article-title":"Are gut dysbiosis, barrier disruption, and endotoxemia related to adipose tissue dysfunction in metabolic disorders? Overview of the mechanisms involved","volume":"18","author":"Viana","year":"2023","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2297864","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2297864","article-title":"Elucidating the role of diet in maintaining gut health to reduce the risk of obesity, cardiovascular and other age-related inflammatory diseases: Recent challenges and future recommendations","volume":"16","author":"Aziz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pheiffer, C., Riedel, S., Dias, S., and Adam, S. (2024). Gestational Diabetes and the Gut Microbiota: Fibre and Polyphenol Supplementation as a Therapeutic Strategy. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12040633"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zi\u0119tek, M., Celewicz, Z., and Szczuko, M. (2021). Short-Chain Fatty Acids, Maternal Microbiota and Metabolism in Pregnancy. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041244"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2020.09.004","article-title":"Persistently elevated hCG in a patient with no clear evidence of pregnancy","volume":"510","author":"Miller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2018.08.006","article-title":"Efficacy of progesterone for prevention of preterm birth","volume":"52","author":"Sykes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-016-0201-3","article-title":"Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) concentrations during the late first trimester are associated with fetal growth in a fetal sex-specific manner","volume":"32","author":"Barjaktarovic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpaic.2019.05.001","article-title":"Physiology of pregnancy","volume":"20","author":"Mockridge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anaesth. Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2020.10.001","article-title":"Physiological Changes and Cardiovascular Investigations in Pregnancy","volume":"30","author":"Morton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heart Lung Circ."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"72","article-title":"[Role of the renin-angiotensin system in pregnancy and preeclampsia]","volume":"37","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hipertens. Riesgo Vasc."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"669","article-title":"Plasma volume expansion in early pregnancy","volume":"97","author":"Bernstein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2010.05.020","article-title":"Respiratory muscle strength in pregnancy","volume":"104","author":"Lemos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjog.2017.04.035","article-title":"Dyspnea in pregnancy","volume":"56","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Taiwan J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.12101116","article-title":"Midterm eGFR and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: The Clinical Significance of Gestational Hyperfiltration","volume":"12","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181c2bde8","article-title":"Pregnancy and laboratory studies: A reference table for clinicians","volume":"114","author":"Greer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R418","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00508.2016","article-title":"Spot urine protein measurements in normotensive pregnancies, pregnancies with isolated proteinuria and preeclampsia","volume":"313","author":"Kattah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"978","article-title":"No need for glycosuria\/proteinuria screen in pregnant women","volume":"54","author":"Alto","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Fam. Pract."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1097\/NMC.0000000000000372","article-title":"The Maternal Gut Microbiome During Pregnancy","volume":"42","author":"Edwards","year":"2017","journal-title":"MCN Am. J. Matern. Child Nurs."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623313508481","article-title":"Gut microbiota, low-grade inflammation, and metabolic syndrome","volume":"42","author":"Chassaing","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, H., Guo, R., Li, S., Liang, F., Tian, C., Zhao, X., Long, Y., Liu, F., Jiang, M., and Zhang, Y. (2020). Systematic analysis of gut microbiota in pregnant women and its correlations with individual heterogeneity. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes, 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-020-00142-y"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700820","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201700820","article-title":"Potential Impact of Metabolic and Gut Microbial Response to Pregnancy and Lactation in Lean and Diet-Induced Obese Rats on Offspring Obesity Risk","volume":"62","author":"Paul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-021-01663-8","article-title":"Spontaneous preterm delivery is reflected in both early neonatal and maternal gut microbiota","volume":"91","author":"Hiltunen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dahl, C., Stanislawski, M., Iszatt, N., Mandal, S., Lozupone, C., Clemente, J.C., Knight, R., Stigum, H., and Eggesb\u00f8, M. (2017). Gut microbiome of mothers delivering prematurely shows reduced diversity and lower relative abundance of Bifidobacterium and Streptococcus. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184336"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nuriel-Ohayon, M., Neuman, H., and Koren, O. (2016). Microbial Changes during Pregnancy, Birth, and Infancy. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01031"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2010.00830.x","article-title":"Prevalence and diversity of microbes in the amniotic fluid, the fetal inflammatory response, and pregnancy outcome in women with preterm pre-labor rupture of membranes","volume":"64","author":"DiGiulio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morrison, J.L., and Regnault, T.R. (2016). Nutrition in Pregnancy: Optimising Maternal Diet and Fetal Adaptations to Altered Nutrient Supply. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8060342"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2214","DOI":"10.2337\/db16-0278","article-title":"Connections Between the Gut Microbiome and Metabolic Hormones in Early Pregnancy in Overweight and Obese Women","volume":"65","author":"Barrett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15490","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3299-14.2014","article-title":"Gut microbes and the brain: Paradigm shift in neuroscience","volume":"34","author":"Mayer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972791","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/972791","article-title":"Zinc in gut-brain interaction in autism and neurological disorders","volume":"2015","author":"Vela","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2047-6310.2012.00132.x","article-title":"Excessive weight gain in women with a normal pre-pregnancy BMI is associated with increased neonatal adiposity","volume":"8","author":"Josefson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr168","article-title":"Intake of Probiotic Food and Risk of Preeclampsia in Primiparous Women: The Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study","volume":"174","author":"Myhre","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109078","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109078","article-title":"Gut microbiota and gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A systematic review","volume":"180","author":"Ogassavara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-031210-101322","article-title":"Inflammatory mechanisms in obesity","volume":"29","author":"Gregor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11060","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1502875112","article-title":"Temporal and spatial variation of the human microbiota during pregnancy","volume":"112","author":"DiGiulio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrocino, I., Ponzo, V., Gambino, R., Zarovska, A., Leone, F., Monzeglio, C., Goitre, I., Rosato, R., Romano, A., and Grassi, G. (2018). Changes in the gut microbiota composition during pregnancy in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30735-9"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pavelescu, L.A., Profir, M., Enache, R.M., Ro\u015fu, O.A., Cre\u0163oiu, S.M., and Gaspar, B.S. (2024). A Proteogenomic Approach to Unveiling the Complex Biology of the Microbiome. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251910467"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"gix058","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/gix058","article-title":"Connections between the human gut microbiome and gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"6","author":"Kuang","year":"2017","journal-title":"GigaScience"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-018-1813-z","article-title":"Microbiome and its relation to gestational diabetes","volume":"64","author":"Cortez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crusell, M.K.W., Hansen, T.H., Nielsen, T., Allin, K.H., R\u00fchlemann, M.C., Damm, P., Vestergaard, H., R\u00f8rbye, C., J\u00f8rgensen, N.R., and Christiansen, O.B. (2018). Gestational diabetes is associated with change in the gut microbiota composition in third trimester of pregnancy and postpartum. Microbiome, 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0472-x"},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"195","article-title":"Flash on gut microbiome in gestational diabetes: A pilot study","volume":"43","author":"Festa","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hrncir, T. (2022). Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis: Triggers, Consequences, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Options. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10030578"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1038\/4441022a","article-title":"Human gut microbes associated with obesity","volume":"444","author":"Ley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12506","article-title":"Richness of human gut microbiome correlates with metabolic markers","volume":"500","author":"Nielsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-323071","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived metabolites as central regulators in metabolic disorders","volume":"70","author":"Agus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-020-00814-7","article-title":"The role of the gut microbiome and its metabolites in metabolic diseases","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monnerie, S., Comte, B., Ziegler, D., Morais, J.A., Pujos-Guillot, E., and Gaudreau, P. (2020). Metabolomic and Lipidomic Signatures of Metabolic Syndrome and its Physiological Components in Adults: A Systematic Review. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56909-7"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00d0ani\u0107, M., Stanimirov, B., Pavlovi\u0107, N., Golo\u010dorbin-Kon, S., Al-Salami, H., Stankov, K., and Mikov, M. (2018). Pharmacological Applications of Bile Acids and Their Derivatives in the Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome. Front. Pharmacol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01382"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-7-19","article-title":"Dietary fat and bile juice, but not obesity, are responsible for the increase in small intestinal permeability induced through the suppression of tight junction protein expression in LETO and OLETF rats","volume":"7","author":"Suzuki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11225","article-title":"Dietary-fat-induced taurocholic acid promotes pathobiont expansion and colitis in Il10\u2212\/\u2212 mice","volume":"487","author":"Devkota","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuno, T., Hirayama-Kurogi, M., Ito, S., and Ohtsuki, S. (2018). Reduction in hepatic secondary bile acids caused by short-term antibiotic-induced dysbiosis decreases mouse serum glucose and triglyceride levels. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19545-1"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.05.012","article-title":"The Impact of Dietary Fiber on Gut Microbiota in Host Health and Disease","volume":"23","author":"Makki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.12.016","article-title":"Microbiota-Generated Metabolites Promote Metabolic Benefits via Gut-Brain Neural Circuits","volume":"156","author":"Goncalves","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2016.1245650","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids in control of energy metabolism","volume":"58","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c170050","article-title":"Role of Short Chain Fatty Acid Receptors in Intestinal Physiology and Pathophysiology","volume":"8","author":"Priyadarshini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaw8429","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw8429","article-title":"Maternal gut microbiota in pregnancy influences offspring metabolic phenotype in mice","volume":"367","author":"Kimura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.21037\/tgh.2018.07.06","article-title":"Branched-chain amino acids in liver diseases","volume":"3","author":"Tajiri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-018-1048-7","article-title":"Branched Chain Amino Acids in Metabolic Disease","volume":"18","author":"Arany","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rep."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.2337\/db18-0927","article-title":"Targeting BCAA Catabolism to Treat Obesity-Associated Insulin Resistance","volume":"68","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12993","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12993","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) potentially increases the risk of obesity in adults: An exploratory systematic review and dose-response meta- analysis","volume":"21","author":"Dehghan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.157107","article-title":"Association between microbiota-dependent metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide and type 2 diabetes","volume":"106","author":"Shan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3145","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota metabolism of l-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Koeth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taleb, S. (2019). Tryptophan Dietary Impacts Gut Barrier and Metabolic Diseases. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02113"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.07.001","article-title":"Impaired Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Ligand Production by the Gut Microbiota Is a Key Factor in Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Natividad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6681","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201800544","article-title":"The gut microbiota metabolite indole alleviates liver inflammation in mice","volume":"32","author":"Beaumont","year":"2018","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.09.055","article-title":"Microbially Produced Imidazole Propionate Impairs Insulin Signaling through mTORC1","volume":"175","author":"Koh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mostafavi Abdolmaleky, H., and Zhou, J.R. (2024). Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis, Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Epigenetic Alterations in Metabolic Diseases. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13080985"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kunst, C., Schmid, S., Michalski, M., T\u00fcmen, D., Buttensch\u00f6n, J., M\u00fcller, M., and G\u00fclow, K. (2023). The Influence of Gut Microbiota on Oxidative Stress and the Immune System. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11051388"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaw3159","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aaw3159","article-title":"Host mitochondria influence gut microbiome diversity: A role for ROS","volume":"12","author":"Yardeni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"key":"ref_100","unstructured":"The International Diabetes Federation (2024, November 20). IDF Diabetes Atlas 9th Edition. Available online: https:\/\/diabetesatlas.org\/atlas\/ninth-edition\/."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association (2021). 2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes\u20142021. Diabetes Care, 44, S15\u2013S33.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-S002"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.3.1.1","article-title":"Carbohydrate metabolism during pregnancy","volume":"3","author":"Hoet","year":"1954","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-0719","article-title":"International association of diabetes and pregnancy study groups recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy","volume":"33","author":"Metzger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(15)30007-2","article-title":"The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) Initiative on gestational diabetes mellitus: A pragmatic guide for diagnosis, management, and care","volume":"131","author":"Hod","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12288","article-title":"Risks associated with obesity in pregnancy, for the mother and baby: A systematic review of reviews","volume":"16","author":"Marchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1159\/000439413","article-title":"Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"31","author":"Spaight","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocr. Dev."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000384","article-title":"Extreme obesity and postcesarean maternal complications","volume":"124","author":"Stamilio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association (2018). 13. Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes\u20142018. Diabetes Care, 41, S137\u2013S143.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-S013"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1900\/RDS.2013.10.49","article-title":"Postpartum outcomes in women with gestational diabetes and their offspring: POGO study design and first-year results","volume":"10","author":"Hummel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Diabet. Stud."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-2517","article-title":"Recurrence of gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.2337\/db09-1197","article-title":"Duration of lactation and incidence of the metabolic syndrome in women of reproductive age according to gestational diabetes mellitus status: A 20-Year prospective study in CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults)","volume":"59","author":"Gunderson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4004","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1713","article-title":"The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in a danish population of women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus is three-fold higher than in the general population","volume":"90","author":"Lauenborg","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-1816","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus: Clinical predictors and long-term risk of developing type 2 diabetes: A retrospective cohort study using survival analysis","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ponzo, V., Fedele, D., Goitre, I., Leone, F., Lezo, A., Monzeglio, C., Finocchiaro, C., Ghigo, E., and Bo, S. (2019). Diet-Gut Microbiota Interactions and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM). Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11020330"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11450","article-title":"A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes","volume":"490","author":"Qin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01682-2","article-title":"Analyses of gut microbiota and plasma bile acids enable stratification of patients for antidiabetic treatment","volume":"8","author":"Gu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pilmis, B., Le Monnier, A., and Zahar, J.R. (2020). Gut Microbiota, Antibiotic Therapy and Antimicrobial Resistance: A Narrative Review. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8020269"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/ajo.12303","article-title":"Probiotics in obstetrics and gynaecology","volume":"55","author":"Griffin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-017-1175-y","article-title":"Influence of diet on the gut microbiome and implications for human health","volume":"15","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2012.10.020","article-title":"The influence of diet on the gut microbiota","volume":"69","author":"Scott","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-020-02337-7","article-title":"Maternal diet during pregnancy and intestinal markers are associated with early gut microbiota","volume":"60","author":"Calatayud","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barrett, H.L., Gomez-Arango, L.F., Wilkinson, S.A., McIntyre, H.D., Callaway, L.K., Morrison, M., and Dekker Nitert, M. (2018). A Vegetarian Diet Is a Major Determinant of Gut Microbiota Composition in Early Pregnancy. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10070890"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mandal, S., Godfrey, K.M., McDonald, D., Treuren, W.V., Bj\u00f8rnholt, J.V., Midtvedt, T., Moen, B., Rudi, K., Knight, R., and Brants\u00e6ter, A.L. (2016). Fat and vitamin intakes during pregnancy have stronger relations with a pro-inflammatory maternal microbiota than does carbohydrate intake. Microbiome, 4.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-016-0200-3"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa361","article-title":"Maternal gut microbiota reflecting poor diet quality is associated with spontaneous preterm birth in a prospective cohort study","volume":"113","author":"Gershuni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2019.102041","article-title":"Plasma oxylipins and unesterified precursor fatty acids are altered by DHA supplementation in pregnancy: Can they help predict risk of preterm birth?","volume":"153","author":"Ramsden","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g1446","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g1446","article-title":"Maternal dietary patterns and preterm delivery: Results from large prospective cohort study","volume":"348","author":"Sengpiel","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.190686","article-title":"Preconception dietary patterns in human pregnancies are associated with preterm delivery","volume":"144","author":"Grieger","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-014-9948-6","article-title":"Associations of adherence to the New Nordic Diet with risk of preeclampsia and preterm delivery in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa)","volume":"29","author":"Hillesund","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5266919","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5266919","article-title":"An Update of Medical Nutrition Therapy in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"2021","author":"Vasile","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjog.2016.01.005","article-title":"Medical nutrition therapy for pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus\u2014A retrospective cohort study","volume":"55","author":"Shi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Taiwan J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Ruiz, R.P., Cabello-Hern\u00e1ndez, A.I., G\u00f3mez-P\u00e9rez, F.J., and G\u00f3mez-S\u00e1mano, M. (2024). Meal frequency strategies for the management of type 2 diabetes subjects: A systematic review. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0298531"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, J., Zheng, Y., Gao, Y., and Xu, W. (2022). Dietary Fiber Intake and Gut Microbiota in Human Health. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10122507"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S49","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy063","article-title":"Mechanisms of Action of Probiotics","volume":"10","author":"Gil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seo, Y.S., Lee, H.B., Kim, Y., and Park, H.Y. (2020). Dietary Carbohydrate Constituents Related to Gut Dysbiosis and Health. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8030427"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.2337\/dci19-0014","article-title":"Nutrition Therapy for Adults With Diabetes or Prediabetes: A Consensus Report","volume":"42","author":"Evert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-022-05787-2","article-title":"Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes, 2022. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)","volume":"65","author":"Davies","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murillo, S., Mallol, A., Adot, A., Ju\u00e1rez, F., Coll, A., Gastaldo, I., and Roura, E. (2022). Culinary strategies to manage glycemic response in people with type 2 diabetes: A narrative review. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1025993"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1007\/s42000-024-00566-7","article-title":"The role of low glycemic index and load diets in medical nutrition therapy for type 2 diabetes: An update","volume":"23","author":"Gerontiti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hormones"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, X., Zou, H., Zhang, T., Huo, Y., Yang, J., Wang, Z., Li, Y., and Zhao, J. (2024). Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: What Can Medical Nutrition Therapy Do?. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16081217"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rasmussen, L., Poulsen, C.W., Kampmann, U., Smedegaard, S.B., Ovesen, P.G., and Fuglsang, J. (2020). Diet and Healthy Lifestyle in the Management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12103050"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-828X.2011.01329.x","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus: Who requires insulin therapy?","volume":"51","author":"Wong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lepretti, M., Martucciello, S., Burgos Aceves, M.A., Putti, R., and Lionetti, L. (2018). Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Insulin Resistance: Focus on the Regulation of Mitochondria and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10030350"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1038\/jhh.2017.17","article-title":"Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in women with gestational diabetes mellitus on overweight status of their children","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hum. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y., and Wu, N. (2022). Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Preeclampsia: Correlation and Influencing Factors. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.831297"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13823","article-title":"Can short- and long-term maternal and infant risks linked to hypertension and diabetes during pregnancy be reduced by therapy?","volume":"296","author":"Stephansson","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e-rbgo48","DOI":"10.61622\/rbgo\/2024rbgo48","article-title":"Prevalence of macrosomic newborn and maternal and neonatal complications in a high-risk maternity","volume":"46","author":"Sousa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Ginecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4935397","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/4935397","article-title":"Macrosomia Rates in Women with Diet-Controlled Gestational Diabetes: A Retrospective Study","volume":"2017","author":"Vally","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pregnancy"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-012-0444-8","article-title":"Probiotics: A potential role in the prevention of gestational diabetes?","volume":"49","author":"Barrett","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R036012","article-title":"The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between diet, gut microbiota, and host energy metabolism","volume":"54","author":"Groen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/3\/1372\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:28:04Z","timestamp":1760027284000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/3\/1372"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]]},"references-count":149,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26031372"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26031372","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]]}}}