{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:51:44Z","timestamp":1760057504891,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Stevens\u2013Johnson Syndrome (SJS)\/toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a severe mucocutaneous reaction often induced by medications. The co-occurrence of SJS\/TEN and COVID-19 presents a unique challenge due to overlapping inflammatory pathways. This case study examined the cytokine profile of a patient with both TEN (triggered by lamotrigine) and COVID-19. The clinical history of the patient, including lamotrigine exposure and COVID-19 diagnosis, was documented. A 13-cytokine profile assessment was performed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the patient and their parents by using quantitative Real Time-Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR). A 6-year-old male patient developed lamotrigine-induced TEN with concomitant COVID-19 affecting 90% of the body surface area. Compared with their parents, who were positive for COVID-19, IL-6, IL-4, and IL-12 were modulated (downregulated) by TEN. The cytokine profile showed elevated levels of IL-1\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, IL-5, IL-8, NF-\u03ba\u03b2, and interferons (IFN; \u03b1, \u03b2, and \u03b3), indicating a robust antiviral response. The immune profile suggested a hyperactivated immune state that contributed to the severity of the patient\u2019s clinical manifestations, leading to death 18 days after hospitalization. Understanding the immune response is important for developing future targeted therapeutic strategies and improving patient outcomes. Further research is needed to explore the interaction between drug-induced SJS\/TEN and infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26031374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T08:53:41Z","timestamp":1738832021000},"page":"1374","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Cytokine Profile in a Patient with Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis Triggered by Lamotrigine and COVID-19: A Case Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1478-9068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarita L.","family":"Martinez-Fierro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Academica de Medicina Humana y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas C.P. 98160, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6307-1696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Idalia","family":"Garza-Veloz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Academica de Medicina Humana y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas C.P. 98160, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2652-6089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sidere Monserrath","family":"Zorrilla-Alfaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Academica de Medicina Humana y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas C.P. 98160, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9s Eduardo","family":"Campuzano-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secretaria de Salud de Zacatecas, Hospital General Zacatecas \u201cLuz G\u00f3nzalez Cos\u00edo\u201d, Zacatecas C.P. 98160, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Rodriguez-Borroel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Academica de Medicina Humana y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas C.P. 98160, Mexico"},{"name":"Secretaria de Salud de Zacatecas, Hospital General Zacatecas \u201cLuz G\u00f3nzalez Cos\u00edo\u201d, Zacatecas C.P. 98160, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1993.01680220104023","article-title":"Clinical classification of cases of toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and erythema multiforme","volume":"129","author":"Rzany","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. 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