{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T04:00:16Z","timestamp":1788321616196,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":268,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Soonchunhyang University Fund","award":["20220446"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220446"]}]},{"name":"Soonchunhyang University Fund","award":["RS-2024-00457696"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00457696"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MSIT)","award":["20220446"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220446"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MSIT)","award":["RS-2024-00457696"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00457696"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Palatogenesis is a complex developmental process requiring temporospatially coordinated cellular and molecular events. The following review focuses on genetic, epigenetic, and environmental aspects directing palatal formation and their implication in orofacial clefting genesis. Essential for palatal shelf development and elevation (TGF-\u03b2, BMP, FGF, and WNT), the subsequent processes of fusion (SHH) and proliferation, migration, differentiation, and apoptosis of neural crest-derived cells are controlled through signaling pathways. Interruptions to these processes may result in the birth defect cleft lip and\/or palate (CL\/P), which happens in approximately 1 in every 700 live births worldwide. Recent progress has emphasized epigenetic regulations via the class of non-coding RNAs with microRNAs based on critically important biological processes, such as proliferation, apoptosis, and epithelial\u2013mesenchymal transition. These environmental risks (maternal smoking, alcohol, retinoic acid, and folate deficiency) interact with genetic and epigenetic factors during palatogenesis, while teratogens like dexamethasone and TCDD inhibit palatal fusion. In orofacial cleft, genetic, epigenetic, and environmental impact on the complex epidemiology. This is an extensive review, offering current perspectives on gene-environment interactions, as well as non-coding RNAs, in palatogenesis and emphasizing open questions regarding these interactions in palatal development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26031382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T09:54:38Z","timestamp":1738835678000},"page":"1382","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Molecular Regulation of Palatogenesis and Clefting: An Integrative Analysis of Genetic, Epigenetic Networks, and Environmental Interactions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Hyuna","family":"Im","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 33151, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujeong","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 33151, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae Kyeom","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong 339770, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Health Behavior and Nutrition Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0147-2424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dae-Kyoon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 33151, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2956-3942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duk-Soo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 33151, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hankyu","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 33151, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6935-0936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeong-Oh","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 33151, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Won, H.-J., Kim, J.-W., Won, H.-S., and Shin, J.-O. 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