{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T16:15:01Z","timestamp":1773850501892,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]],"date-time":"2025-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges that can sometimes be a life-threatening disease. Therefore, fast and proper diagnosis with the implementation of adequate treatment is crucial in its management. Treatment depends on etiology, which can be viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic. Diagnosis is based on thorough clinical examination with a performance of lumbar puncture in the case of meningitis suspicion. This procedure, however, remains invasive with several contraindications and a need for a patient\u2019s consent, which is not always given due to the patient\u2019s fear of it, for instance. Thus, this systematic review aimed to summarize the available literature on the topic of blood biomarkers in meningitis differentiation. A selection process was performed by two authors independently in accordance with the Preferred Research Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses. Two databases were screened. It led to the identification of 863 articles, of which 43 were eventually included in the systematic review. The analysis resulted in identifying blood biomarkers in both adult and pediatric meningitis. Most studies focused on inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein and procalcitonin, from which procalcitonin showed better utility. Among other analyzed molecules were, for instance, interleukins, apolipoproteins, and microRNAs. Moreover, many researchers suggested that combining biomarkers or implementing novel technologies may lead to the best accuracy. However, many suggested methods lack validation, which stands in the way of making them widely used.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26041427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T04:44:03Z","timestamp":1739162643000},"page":"1427","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Investigating Blood Biomarkers That Can Facilitate the Diagnosis of Meningitis\u2014A Systematic Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Jakub Marek","family":"Baran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 01-809 Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adrianna","family":"Por\u0119bska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 01-809 Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Lesisz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 01-809 Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Polak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 01-809 Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4398-675X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Grodzka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 01-809 Warszawa, Poland"},{"name":"Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3130-1036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izabela","family":"Domitrz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 01-809 Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00195-3","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of meningitis and its aetiologies, 1990\u20132019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"22","author":"Wunrow","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16074","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.74","article-title":"Community-acquired bacterial meningitis","volume":"2","author":"Brouwer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. 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