{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T03:29:52Z","timestamp":1792294192150,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2014Next Generation EU","award":["2022HC3FRM"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022HC3FRM"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Atopy is defined as a predisposition to hypersensitivity reactions against a range of antigens. It is characterized by the activation of CD4+ T helper type 2 (Th2) cells and an increased production of immunoglobulin E (IgE). The most common atopic conditions are atopic dermatitis, asthma, allergic rhinitis, food allergies, and atopic ocular diseases. Atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC) is a chronic, bilateral inflammatory condition affecting the ocular surface, frequently occurring in conjunction with atopic dermatitis. It is not uncommon for patients to present with multiple conditions simultaneously or in a sequential manner. A comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms of atopic diseases is essential for the effective clinical evaluation and treatment. Recent research has underscored the pivotal role of the microbiota in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis and atopic eye diseases, with alterations in microbial composition (dysbiosis) being linked to a spectrum of atopic conditions. Probiotics are currently being investigated as a potential treatment option for restoring microbial balance and alleviating disease symptoms. This review examines the relationship between atopic dermatitis, atopic keratoconjunctivitis, and the microbiota, evaluating the current evidence and exploring the potential of probiotics as a novel therapeutic approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26041463","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T05:53:22Z","timestamp":1739166802000},"page":"1463","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Atopic Dermatitis and Atopic Keratoconjunctivitis: New Insights in the Analyses of Microbiota and Probiotic Effect"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0446-2846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Petrillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, Eye Clinic, Turin University, 10024 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9820-7155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annalisa","family":"Buonanno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80126 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludovica","family":"Fedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0174-0209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marilena","family":"Galdiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 81100 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1368-6729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Reibaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, Eye Clinic, Turin University, 10024 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Tamburini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8116-0839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilia","family":"Galdiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80126 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Vaillant, A.A.J., Modi, P., and Jan, A. 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