{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T19:30:17Z","timestamp":1791574217623,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NextGeneration EU"},{"name":"Compagnia di San Paolo"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Propolis (bee glue) is a complex mixture of resins, waxes, and gums, and it is a resinous exudate manufactured by honey bees to maintain the integrity of the hive and defend against external threats. This multifunctional material exhibits several striking properties. The anti-inflammatory properties of propolis have made it a subject of traditional medicine over time, from ancient Egyptian mummification to modern complementary medicine. Propolis with rich phytochemicals, such as polyphenols and flavonoids, exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer effects. This review describes multiple properties and uses of propolis, highlighting the role of propolis as an exceptional natural resource with high therapeutic potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26041519","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T11:01:08Z","timestamp":1739271668000},"page":"1519","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Propolis: A Natural Substance with Multifaceted Properties and Activities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2891-1810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Martinotti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DiSIT), University of Piemonte Orientale, 15121 Alessandria, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0225-5763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregorio","family":"Bonsignore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DiSIT), University of Piemonte Orientale, 15121 Alessandria, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7600-8215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elia","family":"Ranzato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DiSIT), University of Piemonte Orientale, 15121 Alessandria, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s41038-015-0010-z","article-title":"Propolis: A new frontier for wound healing?","volume":"3","author":"Martinotti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Burns Trauma"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2015.09.004","article-title":"Antiproliferative activity of New Zealand propolis and phenolic compounds vs human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells","volume":"106","author":"Catchpole","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemphyslip.2017.04.005","article-title":"Biological properties of propolis extracts: Something new from an ancient product","volume":"207","author":"Zabaiou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lipids"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5230","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867325666180510141824","article-title":"Honey: An Effective Regenerative Medicine Product in Wound Management","volume":"26","author":"Martinotti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonsignore, G., Martinotti, S., and Ranzato, E. (2024). Honey Bioactive Molecules: There Is a World Beyond the Sugars. BioTech, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biotech13040047"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinotti, S., Pellavio, G., Laforenza, U., and Ranzato, E. (2019). Propolis Induces AQP3 Expression: A Possible Way of Action in Wound Healing. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24081544"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murthy, H.N. (2022). Propolis: A Multifaceted Approach for Wound Healing. Gums, Resins and Latexes of Plant Origin: Chemistry, Biological Activities and Uses, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-91378-6"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1093\/ecam\/nem057","article-title":"Brazilian red propolis--chemical composition and botanical origin","volume":"5","author":"Daugsch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-019-1620-2","article-title":"Plant origin authentication of Sonoran Desert propolis: An antiproliferative propolis from a semi-arid region","volume":"106","author":"Alday","year":"2019","journal-title":"Naturwissenschaften"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reis, J.H.O., Barreto, G.A., Cerqueira, J.C., Anjos, J.P.D., Andrade, L.N., Padilha, F.F., Druzian, J.I., and Machado, B.A.S. (2019). Evaluation of the antioxidant profile and cytotoxic activity of red propolis extracts from different regions of northeastern Brazil obtained by conventional and ultrasound-assisted extraction. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0219063"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galeotti, F., Maccari, F., Fachini, A., and Volpi, N. (2018). Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Propolis Prepared in Different Forms and in Different Solvents Useful for Finished Products. Foods, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods7030041"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-022-00651-2","article-title":"Propolis: An update on its chemistry and pharmacological applications","volume":"17","author":"Hossain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2018.08.013","article-title":"Composition and functional properties of propolis (bee glue): A review","volume":"26","author":"Anjum","year":"2019","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595393","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/595393","article-title":"Effect of Ethanol\/Water Solvents on Phenolic Profiles and Antioxidant Properties of Beijing Propolis Extracts","volume":"2015","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038153","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1038153","article-title":"Antioxidant, Cytotoxic, and Toxic Activities of Propolis from Two Native Bees in Brazil: Scaptotrigona depilis and Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides","volume":"2017","author":"Bonamigo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.13730","article-title":"Identification of Free Radical Scavengers from Brazilian Green Propolis Using Off-Line HPLC-DPPH Assay and LC-MS","volume":"82","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2014.949705","article-title":"Phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of propolis from various regions of Poland","volume":"29","author":"Socha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pu\u015bcion-Jakubik, A., Bielecka, J., Grabia, M., Markiewicz-\u017bukowska, R., Soroczy\u0144ska, J., Teper, D., and Socha, K. (2022). Comparative Analysis of Antioxidant Properties of Honey from Poland, Italy, and Spain Based on the Declarations of Producers and Their Results of Melissopalinological Analysis. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14132694"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.4236\/pp.2013.41006","article-title":"Antioxidant Properties and Chemical Composition Relationship of Europeans and Brazilians Propolis","volume":"4","author":"Fabris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4272940","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/4272940","article-title":"The Role of Propolis in Oxidative Stress and Lipid Metabolism: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"2017","author":"Mujica","year":"2017","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2006.10.023","article-title":"In vivo study of propolis supplementation effects on antioxidative status and red blood cells","volume":"110","author":"Jasprica","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, L., Pu, L., Wei, J., Li, J., Wu, J., Xin, Z., Gao, W., and Guo, C. (2016). Brazilian Green Propolis Improves Antioxidant Function in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13050498"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI34431","article-title":"A calculated response: Control of inflammation by the innate immune system","volume":"118","author":"Barton","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2017.06.015","article-title":"Brazilian red propolis effects on peritoneal macrophage activity: Nitric oxide, cell viability, pro-inflammatory cytokines and gene expression","volume":"207","author":"Kawamoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kitamura, H., Saito, N., Fujimoto, J., Nakashima, K.I., and Fujikura, D. (2018). Brazilian propolis ethanol extract and its component kaempferol induce myeloid-derived suppressor cells from macrophages of mice in vivo and in vitro. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-018-2198-5"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4081","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27204","article-title":"Mechanistic insight into the attenuation of gouty inflammation by Taiwanese green propolis via inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome","volume":"234","author":"Hsieh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3200","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.2281","article-title":"Brazilian green propolis promotes TNFR2 expression on regulatory T cells","volume":"9","author":"Mikami","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2020.11.005","article-title":"Propolis suppresses cytokine production in activated basophils and basophil-mediated skin and intestinal allergic inflammation in mice","volume":"70","author":"Kashiwakura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergol. Int."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2018.11.060","article-title":"A new chemotherapeutic approach using doxorubicin simultaneously with geopropolis favoring monocyte functions","volume":"217","author":"Oliveira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7345","article-title":"Brazilian green propolis: A novel tool to improve the cytotoxic and immunomodulatory action of docetaxel on MCF-7 breast cancer cells and on women monocyte","volume":"36","author":"Santiago","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7204","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.23208","article-title":"Inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated diseases in organs","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-018-0460-6","article-title":"Ex vivo immunomodulatory effect of ethanolic extract of propolis during Celiac Disease: Involvement of nitric oxide pathway","volume":"26","author":"Medjeber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.111.241869","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and roles of inflammation--mechanisms and therapeutic targets","volume":"32","author":"Romeo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2019.03.001","article-title":"Propolis supplementation improves glycemic and antioxidant status in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"43","author":"Afsharpour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6356","article-title":"The efficacy of propolis on markers of glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Karimian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zakerkish, M., Jenabi, M., Zaeemzadeh, N., Hemmati, A.A., and Neisi, N. (2019). The Effect of Iranian Propolis on Glucose Metabolism, Lipid Profile, Insulin Resistance, Renal Function and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43838-8"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b16-00577","article-title":"Brazilian Green Propolis Promotes Weight Loss and Reduces Fat Accumulation in C57BL\/6 Mice Fed A High-Fat Diet","volume":"40","author":"Sakai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2019.108939","article-title":"Ethanol extract of propolis prevents high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance and obesity in association with modulation of gut microbiota in mice","volume":"130","author":"Cai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cardinault, N., Tourniaire, F., Astier, J., Couturier, C., Bonnet, L., Seipelt, E., Karkeni, E., Letullier, C., Dlalah, N., and Georg\u00e9, S. (2021). Botanic Origin of Propolis Extract Powder Drives Contrasted Impact on Diabesity in High-Fat-Fed Mice. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10030411"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules19010078","article-title":"Structure and antioxidant activity of polyphenols derived from propolis","volume":"19","author":"Stojko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175135","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/175135","article-title":"Emerging roles of propolis: Antioxidant, cardioprotective, and antiangiogenic actions","volume":"2013","author":"Daleprane","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4360356","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4360356","article-title":"Hypoglycaemic and Antioxidant Effects of Propolis of Chihuahua in a Model of Experimental Diabetes","volume":"2018","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.27.1797","article-title":"Strong antihyperglycemic effects of water-soluble fraction of Brazilian propolis and its bioactive constituent, 3,4,5-tri-O-caffeoylquinic acid","volume":"27","author":"Matsui","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-020-00485-5","article-title":"Molecular and cellular mechanisms of the effects of Propolis in inflammation, oxidative stress and glycemic control in chronic diseases","volume":"17","author":"Pahlavani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.2684","article-title":"Does propolis have any effect on rheumatoid arthritis? A review study","volume":"10","author":"Pahlavani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2008.03634.x","article-title":"Redox signalling and the inflammatory response in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"152","author":"Filippin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.2741\/e418","article-title":"Beneficial effects of propolis on human health and neurological diseases","volume":"4","author":"Farooqui","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Biosci. (Elite Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.1029","article-title":"Recent progress in pharmacological research of propolis","volume":"15","author":"Banskota","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1515\/znc-2003-7-823","article-title":"Propolis and some of its constituents down-regulate DNA synthesis and inflammatory cytokine production but induce TGF-beta1 production of human immune cells","volume":"58","author":"Ansorge","year":"2003","journal-title":"Z. Naturforsch C J. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Wang, G., Gurley, E.C., and Zhou, H. (2014). Flavonoid apigenin inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response through multiple mechanisms in macrophages. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107072"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsumoto, Y., Takahashi, K., Sugioka, Y., Inui, K., Okano, T., Mandai, K., Yamada, Y., Shintani, A., and Koike, T. (2021). Double-blinded randomized controlled trial to reveal the effects of Brazilian propolis intake on rheumatoid arthritis disease activity index; BeeDAI. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252357"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji, C., Pan, Y., Xu, S., Yu, C., Ji, J., Chen, M., and Hu, F. (2021). Propolis ameliorates restenosis in hypercholesterolemia rabbits with carotid balloon injury by inhibiting lipid accumulation, oxidative stress, and TLR4\/NF-\u03baB pathway. J. Food Biochem., 45.","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.13577"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olas, B. (2022). Bee Products as Interesting Natural Agents for the Prevention and Treatment of Common Cardiovascular Diseases. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14112267"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olas, B. (2020). Honey and Its Phenolic Compounds as an Effective Natural Medicine for Cardiovascular Diseases in Humans?. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020283"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-020-00696-w","article-title":"Effects of propolis supplementation on glycemic status, lipid profiles, inflammation and oxidative stress, liver enzymes, and body weight: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials","volume":"20","author":"Hallajzadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.29.96","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effect of propolis through inhibition of nitric oxide production on carrageenin-induced mouse paw edema","volume":"29","author":"Nakajima","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-3278(96)90129-5","article-title":"The effect of propolis and its components on eicosanoid production during the inflammatory response","volume":"55","author":"Mirzoeva","year":"1996","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"291","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease","volume":"2014","author":"Widmer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Cardiol. Sci. Pract."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, H., Yuan, W., Wu, H., Yin, X., and Xuan, H. (2018). Bioactive components and mechanisms of Chinese poplar propolis alleviates oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced endothelial cells injury. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-018-2215-8"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-018-0533-6","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of Chinese propolis in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells by suppressing autophagy and MAPK\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathway","volume":"27","author":"Xuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1097\/MBC.0000000000001099","article-title":"The physiology of hemostasis","volume":"33","author":"Sierra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, H., Francisco, R., Saraiva, A., Francisco, S., Carrascosa, C., and Raposo, A. (2021). The Cardiovascular Therapeutic Potential of Propolis-A Comprehensive Review. Biology, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10010027"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"07008","DOI":"10.1051\/matecconf\/201819707008","article-title":"Effectivity comparison between aspirin, propolis, and bee pollen as an antiplatelet based on bleeding time taken on mice","volume":"197","author":"Martina","year":"2018","journal-title":"MATEC Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0944-7113(97)80038-4","article-title":"Protective effects of Propolis extract on allyl alcohol-induced liver injury in mice","volume":"4","author":"Remirez","year":"1997","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465383","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/465383","article-title":"Propolis Reduces Phosphatidylcholine-Specific Phospholipase C Activity and Increases Annexin a7 Level in Oxidized-LDL-Stimulated Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells","volume":"2014","author":"Xuan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonsignore, G., Patrone, M., Grosso, F., Martinotti, S., and Ranzato, E. (2021). Cancer Therapy Challenge: It Is Time to Look in the \u201cSt. Patrick\u2019s Well\u201d of the Nature. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910380"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.5539\/jfr.v3n4p18","article-title":"Role of nutraceuticals in cancer therapy","volume":"3","author":"Ranzato","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinotti, S., Bonsignore, G., and Ranzato, E. (2024). Understanding the Anticancer Properties of Honey. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252111724"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"627","article-title":"Anticancer and chemopreventing natural products: Some biochemical and therapeutic aspects","volume":"15","author":"Karikas","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. BUON"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5901191","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5901191","article-title":"An Insight into Anticancer Effect of Propolis and Its Constituents: A Review of Molecular Mechanisms","volume":"2022","author":"Elumalai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2017.11.008","article-title":"Chemical Modulation of WNT Signaling in Cancer","volume":"153","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4008","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v11.i26.4008","article-title":"Effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester on proliferation and apoptosis of colorectal cancer cells in vitro","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2017.5767","article-title":"Galangin suppresses human laryngeal carcinoma via modulation of caspase-3 and AKT signaling pathways","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-019-02940-0","article-title":"The role of dietary phytochemicals in the carcinogenesis via the modulation of miRNA expression","volume":"145","author":"Samec","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5009","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00797-10","article-title":"Insulin regulates adipocyte lipolysis via an Akt-independent signaling pathway","volume":"30","author":"Choi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.09.225","article-title":"Chrysin-induced apoptosis is mediated through caspase activation and Akt inactivation in U937 leukemia cells","volume":"325","author":"Woo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2020.104775","article-title":"Artepillin C: A comprehensive review of its chemistry, bioavailability, and pharmacological properties","volume":"147","author":"Shahinozzaman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.12624","article-title":"Artepillin C as a targeting survivin molecule in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells in vitro: A preliminary study","volume":"47","author":"Pang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Oral. Pathol. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e01978","article-title":"Preliminary studies: The potential anti-angiogenic activities of two Sulawesi Island (Indonesia) propolis and their chemical characterization","volume":"5","author":"Iqbal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esp\u00edndola, K.M.M., Ferreira, R.G., Narvaez, L.E.M., Silva Rosario, A.C.R., da Silva, A.H.M., Silva, A.G.B., Vieira, A.P.O., and Monteiro, M.C. (2019). Chemical and Pharmacological Aspects of Caffeic Acid and Its Activity in Hepatocarcinoma. Front. Oncol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.00541"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-0134-x","article-title":"Molecular principles of metastasis: A hallmark of cancer revisited","volume":"5","author":"Fares","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-018-0080-4","article-title":"New insights into the mechanisms of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and implications for cancer","volume":"20","author":"Dongre","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.5614\/j.math.fund.sci.2017.49.1.4","article-title":"Inhibition of Mammary Gland Cancer Development by Propolis and Mangostin in Female Mice Balb\/C","volume":"49","author":"Tan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Math. Fundam. Sci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7202548","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7202548","article-title":"Propolin C Inhibited Migration and Invasion via Suppression of EGFR-Mediated Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Human Lung Cancer Cells","volume":"2018","author":"Pai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiang, K.C., Yang, S.W., Chang, K.P., Feng, T.H., Chang, K.S., Tsui, K.H., Shin, Y.S., Chen, C.C., Chao, M., and Juang, H.H. (2018). Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester Induces. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19051397"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fri\u00f3n-Herrera, Y., Gabbia, D., Scaffidi, M., Zagni, L., Cuesta-Rubio, O., De Martin, S., and Carrara, M. (2020). Cuban Brown Propolis Interferes in the Crosstalk between Colorectal Cancer Cells and M2 Macrophages. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12072040"},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"3685264","article-title":"Medicinal Plants from Brazilian Cerrado: Antioxidant and Anticancer Potential and Protection against Chemotherapy Toxicity","volume":"2019","author":"Leite","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3017108","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3017108","article-title":"Modulation of Tamoxifen Cytotoxicity by Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells","volume":"2016","author":"Motawi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.119390","article-title":"Co-administration of 5FU and propolis on AOM\/DSS induced colorectal cancer in BALB-c mice","volume":"276","author":"Sameni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ganesan, M., Kanimozhi, G., Pradhapsingh, B., Khan, H.A., Alhomida, A.S., Ekhzaimy, A., Brindha, G.R., and Prasad, N.R. (2021). Phytochemicals reverse P-glycoprotein mediated multidrug resistance via signal transduction pathways. Biomed. Pharmacother., 139.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111632"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.2174\/1871520618666180808100800","article-title":"Reversing Multidrug Resistance in Chemo-resistant Human Lung Adenocarcinoma (A549\/DOX) Cells by Algerian Propolis Through Direct Inhibiting the P-gp Efflux-pump, G0\/G1 Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis Induction","volume":"18","author":"Kebsa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anticancer Agents Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4001","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-018-4344-5","article-title":"Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of the efficacy of propolis mouthwash in cancer therapy-induced oral mucositis","volume":"26","author":"Kuo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12757","DOI":"10.1111\/ecc.12757","article-title":"Propolis in the prevention of oral mucositis in breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy: A pilot randomised controlled trial","volume":"26","author":"Piredda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer Care"},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"3611","article-title":"Randomized DoubleBlind PlaceboControlled Trial of Propolis for Oral Mucositis in Patients Receiving Chemotherapy for Head and Neck Cancer","volume":"17","author":"AkhavanKarbassi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2019.104173","article-title":"Chemosensitizing activity of Cuban propolis and nemorosone in doxorubicin resistant human colon carcinoma cells","volume":"136","author":"Gabbia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Curti, V., Zaccaria, V., Tsetegho Sokeng, A.J., Dacrema, M., Masiello, I., Mascaro, A., D\u2019Antona, G., and Daglia, M. (2019). Bioavailability and In Vivo Antioxidant Activity of a Standardized Polyphenol Mixture Extracted from Brown Propolis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20051250"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/4\/1519\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:31:27Z","timestamp":1760027487000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/4\/1519"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26041519"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26041519","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]]}}}