{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T21:44:33Z","timestamp":1792014273081,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Australian Government Research Training Program (RTP) Scholarship","award":["GNT1169949"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT1169949"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"NHMRC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GNT1169949"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT1169949"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tick bites and tick-related diseases are on the rise. Diagnostic tests that identify well-characterised tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) possess limited capacity to address the causation of symptoms associated with poorly characterised tick-related illnesses, such as debilitating symptom complexes attributed to ticks (DSCATT) in Australia. Identification of local signals in tick-bitten skin that can be detected systemically in blood would have both clinical (diagnostic or prognostic) and research (mechanistic insight) utility, as a blood sample is more readily obtainable than tissue biopsies. We hypothesised that blood samples may reveal signals which reflect relevant local (tissue) events and that the time course of these signals may align with local pathophysiology. As a first step towards testing this hypothesis, we compared molecular signatures in skin biopsies taken from the tick-bite location of human participants, as published in our previous study, together with peripheral blood signatures obtained concurrently. This approach captures differentially expressed molecules across multiple omics datasets derived from peripheral blood (including cellular and cell-free transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and DNA methylation), and skin biopsies (spatial transcriptomics). Our original data revealed that extracellular matrix organisation and platelet degranulation pathways were upregulated in the skin within 72 h of a tick bite. The same signals appeared in blood, where they then remained elevated for three months, displaying longitudinally consistent alterations of biological functions. Despite the limited sample size, these data represent proof-of-concept that molecular events in the skin following a tick bite can be detectable systemically. This underscores the potential value of blood samples, akin to a liquid biopsy, to capture biomarkers reflecting local tissue processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26041520","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T11:01:08Z","timestamp":1739271668000},"page":"1520","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["From Local to Systemic: The Journey of Tick Bite Biomarkers in Australian Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0666-1590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenna","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia"},{"name":"The Kids Research Institute Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia"},{"name":"School of Medical, Molecular, and Forensic Sciences, College of Environmental and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia"},{"name":"UWA Medical School, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3289-1445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda D.","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia"},{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Environmental and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia"},{"name":"CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasilia-DF 70040-020, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3250-3246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy Huey-Yi","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Currie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical, Molecular, and Forensic Sciences, College of Environmental and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia"},{"name":"Personalised Medicine Centre, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Martino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UWA Medical School, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia"},{"name":"Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, The Kids Research Institute Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5465-2926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Stenos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Rickettsial Reference Laboratory, Barwon Biomedical Research, University Hospital Geelong, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Rickettsial Reference Laboratory, Barwon Biomedical Research, University Hospital Geelong, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miles","family":"Beaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan T.","family":"Harvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UWA Medical School, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia"},{"name":"PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Department of Anatomical Pathology, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Kresoje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UWA Medical School, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia"},{"name":"Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, The Kids Research Institute Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrycja","family":"Skut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kids Research Institute Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0006-8262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter J.","family":"Irwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Environmental and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prasad","family":"Kumarasinghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia"},{"name":"College of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia"},{"name":"Western Dermatology, Hollywood Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roy A.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rym","family":"Ben-Othman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RAN BioLinks Ltd., 10212 Yonge Street, 202, Richmond Hill, ON L4C 3B6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8204-0924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen","family":"Graves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Rickettsial Reference Laboratory, Barwon Biomedical Research, University Hospital Geelong, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias R.","family":"Kollmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kids Research Institute Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, 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