{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:16:21Z","timestamp":1790813781778,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739318400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81860610"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81860610"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Guhong injection (GH) is a compound preparation widely utilized in the treatment of cerebrovascular diseases. Accumulating evidence indicates that the gut microbiota is implicated in the development of ischemic stroke (IS). However, although the therapeutic potential of GH in IS may be mediated through the gut microbiota, the intricate relationships among the gut\u2013brain axis, biomarkers, and target proteins remain to be completely explained. A rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was utilized to investigate the impact of GH on IS. Our 16S rRNA sequence analysis revealed that GH markedly enhanced the \u03b1-diversity of the intestinal microbiome and rectified the imbalance of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Metabolomic analysis indicated that GH reversed 45 biomarkers and 6 disordered metabolic pathways in MCAO rats. Among these, the metabolic pathways of arachidonic acid, \u03b1-linolenic acid, fructose, and mannose were closely associated with gut microbiota comprising Lactobacillus modulated by GH. Furthermore, IS-related signaling pathways, including inflammation, autophagy, oxidative stress, and apoptosis, were significantly associated with three gut microbial species influenced by GH. The potential efficacy of GH in the context of IS is mediated through multiple pathways, involving the gut microbiota, SCFAs, biomarkers, and target proteins. This process partly relies on the gut\u2013brain axis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26041560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T11:08:51Z","timestamp":1739358531000},"page":"1560","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Multi-Omics Analysis of the Gut-Brain Axis Elucidates Therapeutic Mechanisms of Guhong Injection in the Treatment of Ischemic Stroke"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Pingting","family":"Mao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianhua","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Mai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yijing","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lihua","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinghong","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021). GBD 2019 Stroke Collaborators Global: Regional, and National Burden of Stroke and Its Risk Factors, 1990\u20132019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Neurol., 20, 795\u2013820."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2444","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007533","article-title":"Stroke Incidence in Young Adults According to Age, Subtype, Sex, and Time Trends","volume":"92","author":"Ekker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1931818","article-title":"The Association between Serum Anion Gap and All-Cause Mortality in Cerebral Infarction Patients after Treatment with rtPA: A Retrospective Analysis","volume":"2022","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dis. Markers"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2014.08.014","article-title":"Pinocembrin Attenuates Hippocampal Inflammation, Oxidative Perturbations and Apoptosis in a Rat Model of Global Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion","volume":"67","author":"Saad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.122.319983","article-title":"Aging Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Stroke Risk and Outcome","volume":"130","author":"Honarpisheh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.380869","article-title":"Immune Regulation of the Gut-Brain Axis and Lung-Brain Axis Involved in Ischemic Stroke","volume":"19","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-00460-0","article-title":"The Gut Microbiota-Brain Axis in Behaviour and Brain Disorders","volume":"19","author":"Morais","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4068","article-title":"Commensal Microbiota Affects Ischemic Stroke Outcome by Regulating Intestinal \u0393\u03b4 T Cells","volume":"22","author":"Benakis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7428","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1114-16.2016","article-title":"Microbiota Dysbiosis Controls the Neuroinflammatory Response after Stroke","volume":"36","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104403","article-title":"Transplantation of Fecal Microbiota Rich in Short Chain Fatty Acids and Butyric Acid Treat Cerebral Ischemic Stroke by Regulating Gut Microbiota","volume":"148","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116640","article-title":"Application of Omics Technology to Investigate the Mechanism Underlying the Role of San Hua Tang in Regulating Microglia Polarization and Blood-Brain Barrier Protection Following Ischemic Stroke","volume":"314","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15965","article-title":"Aberrant Branched-Chain Amino Acid Accumulation along the Microbiota\u2013Gut\u2013Brain Axis: Crucial Targets Affecting the Occurrence and Treatment of Ischaemic Stroke","volume":"180","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, W., Su, J., Gao, X., Yang, H., Weng, R., Ni, W., and Gu, Y. (2022). The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis Participates in Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion by Disrupting the Metabolism of Short-Chain Fatty Acids. Microbiome, 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-022-01255-6"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-016-0835-4","article-title":"Guhong Injection Protects against Focal Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury via Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Rats","volume":"40","author":"Ai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"154034","article-title":"Guhong Injection Promotes Post-Stroke Functional Recovery via Attenuating Cortical Inflammation and Apoptosis in Subacute Stage of Ischemic Stroke","volume":"99","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytomedicine Int. J. Phytother. Phytopharm."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Wu, H., Sheng, H., Wang, Y., Li, X., Wang, Y., and Zhao, L. (2022). Discovery of Anti-Stroke Active Substances in Guhong Injection Based on Multi-Phenotypic Screening of Zebrafish. Biomed. Pharmacother., 155.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113744"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Zhou, R., Cao, G., Zhang, Y., Xu, H., and Yang, H. (2022). Guhong Injection Prevents Ischemic Stroke-Induced Neuro-Inflammation and Neuron Loss Through Regulation of C5ar1. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.818245"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5533","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-023-03403-x","article-title":"Targeted Energy Metabolomics Combined with Spatial Metabolomics Study on the Efficacy of Guhong Injection Against Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion","volume":"60","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2022.154603","article-title":"Guhong Injection Mitigates Myocardial Ischemia\/Reperfusion Injury by Activating GST P to Inhibit ASK1-JNK\/P38 Pathway","volume":"109","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.113817","article-title":"Network Pharmacology Combined with Metabolomics to Study the Mechanism of Shenyan Kangfu Tablets in the Treatment of Diabetic Nephropathy","volume":"270","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, J.-L., Zheng, J.-Y., Cheng, X.-Q., Xin, G.-Z., Wang, S.-L., and Xie, T. (2019). Chemical Markers\u2019 Knockout Coupled with UHPLC-HRMS-Based Metabolomics Reveals Anti-Cancer Integration Effects of the Curcuminoids of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) on Lung Cancer Cell Line. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 175.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2019.06.035"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wanchao, S., Chen, M., Zhiguo, S., Futang, X., and Mengmeng, S. (2018). Protective Effect and Mechanism of Lactobacillus on Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion Injury in Rats. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. Rev. Bras. Pesqui. Medicas E Biol., 51.","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431x20187172"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.119.316448","article-title":"Gut Microbiota-Derived Short-Chain Fatty Acids Promote Poststroke Recovery in Aged Mice","volume":"127","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.041","article-title":"From Dietary Fiber to Host Physiology: Short-Chain Fatty Acids as Key Bacterial Metabolites","volume":"165","author":"Koh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamashiro, K., Tanaka, R., Urabe, T., Ueno, Y., Yamashiro, Y., Nomoto, K., Takahashi, T., Tsuji, H., Asahara, T., and Hattori, N. (2017). Gut Dysbiosis Is Associated with Metabolism and Systemic Inflammation in Patients with Ischemic Stroke. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176062"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-019-00760-5","article-title":"Reproductive Senescence and Ischemic Stroke Remodel the Gut Microbiome and Modulate the Effects of Estrogen Treatment in Female Rats","volume":"11","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Stroke Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.109.104638","article-title":"Butyrate Enhances the Intestinal Barrier by Facilitating Tight Junction Assembly via Activation of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase in Caco-2 Cell Monolayers","volume":"139","author":"Peng","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tong, L.-C., Wang, Y., Wang, Z.-B., Liu, W.-Y., Sun, S., Li, L., Su, D.-F., and Zhang, L.-C. (2016). Propionate Ameliorates Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis by Improving Intestinal Barrier Function and Reducing Inflammation and Oxidative Stress. Front. Pharmacol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2016.00253"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3126","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-012-2259-4","article-title":"Butyrate Enhances Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Function via Up-Regulation of Tight Junction Protein Claudin-1 Transcription","volume":"57","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.02.014","article-title":"A Weaning Reaction to Microbiota Is Required for Resistance to Immunopathologies in the Adult","volume":"50","author":"Dulauroy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.3109\/08820139.2015.1122613","article-title":"Short-Chain Fatty Acids Regulate Cytokines and Th17\/Treg Cells in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Vitro","volume":"45","author":"Asarat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241165","article-title":"The Microbial Metabolites, Short-Chain Fatty Acids, Regulate Colonic Treg Cell Homeostasis","volume":"341","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Guo, K., Zhang, R., Wang, W., Sun, H., Yag\u00fce, E., and Hu, Y. (2022). Exploration of the Mechanism of Salvianolic Acid for Injection Against Ischemic Stroke: A Research Based on Computational Prediction and Experimental Validation. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.894427"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2841","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-017-2297-6","article-title":"14,15-EET Suppresses Neuronal Apoptosis in Ischemia\u2013Reperfusion Through the Mitochondrial Pathway","volume":"42","author":"Geng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.105238","article-title":"Prostaglandin E Receptors as Targets for Ischemic Stroke: Novel Evidence and Molecular Mechanisms of Efficacy","volume":"163","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-022-01191-1","article-title":"Inducible Prostaglandin E Synthase as a Pharmacological Target for Ischemic Stroke","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-004-6871-3","article-title":"Biochemical Aspects of Neurodegeneration in Human Brain: Involvement of Neural Membrane Phospholipids and Phospholipases A2","volume":"29","author":"Farooqui","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2023.117229","article-title":"HDL Cholesterol Efflux Capacity and Phospholipid Content Are Associated with the Severity of Acute Ischemic Stroke and Predict Its Outcome","volume":"540","author":"Papagiannis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta Int. J. Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-022-03596-y","article-title":"Alteration of Glycerophospholipid Metabolism in Hippocampus of Post-Stroke Depression Rats","volume":"47","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2023.114619","article-title":"Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Therapy Regulates Sphingolipid and Glycerophospholipid Metabolism to Promote Neurological Recovery in Stroke Rats: A Metabolomics Analysis","volume":"372","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0082(96)00025-1","article-title":"Neurobiology of L-DOPAergic systems","volume":"49","author":"Misu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"e24529","article-title":"Use of Levodopa After a Stroke: A Systematic Review","volume":"14","author":"Moncayo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Talhada, D., Marklund, N., Wieloch, T., Kuric, E., and Ruscher, K. (2021). Plasticity-Enhancing Effects of Levodopa Treatment after Stroke. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910226"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-020-00959-7","article-title":"Guidelines for the Acute Treatment of Cerebral Edema in Neurocritical Care Patients","volume":"32","author":"Cook","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurocrit. Care"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2282790","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2282790","article-title":"Multi-Omics Data Reveals Aberrant Gut Microbiota-Host Glycerophospholipid Metabolism in Association with Neuroinflammation in APP\/PS1 Mice","volume":"15","author":"Qian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huh, E., Choi, J.G., Lee, M.Y., Kim, J.H., Choi, Y., Ju, I.G., Eo, H., Park, M.G., Kim, D.-H., and Park, H.-J. (2023). Peripheral Metabolic Alterations Associated with Pathological Manifestations of Parkinson\u2019s Disease in Gut-Brain Axis-Based Mouse Model. Front. Mol. Neurosci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2023.1201073"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, H., He, Y., Zhu, J., Lin, X., Chen, J., Shao, C., Wan, H., and Yang, J. (2021). Guhong Injection Protects Against Apoptosis in Cerebral Ischemia by Maintaining Cerebral Microvasculature and Mitochondrial Integrity Through the PI3K\/AKT Pathway. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.650983"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2015.10.037","article-title":"AMPK-Dependent Phosphorylation of GAPDH Triggers Sirt1 Activation and Is Necessary for Autophagy upon Glucose Starvation","volume":"60","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.04.108","article-title":"Cardioprotective Effects of Salidroside on Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Coronary Artery Occlusion-Induced Rats and Langendorff-Perfused Rat Hearts","volume":"215","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1187","article-title":"Targeting HIF-1 for Cancer Therapy","volume":"3","author":"Semenza","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1485","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00645.2001","article-title":"Cerebral Microvascular Changes in Permeability and Tight Junctions Induced by Hypoxia-Reoxygenation","volume":"282","author":"Mark","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2023.04.014","article-title":"Dietary Neoagarotetraose Extends Lifespan and Impedes Brain Aging in Mice via Regulation of Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, S., Wei, H., Yuan, S., Kong, Y., Yang, H., Zhang, Y., Cui, X., Chen, W., Liu, J., and Zhang, Y. (2022). Probiotic Pediococcus Pentosaceus Ameliorates MPTP-Induced Oxidative Stress via Regulating the Gut Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1022879"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"155530","article-title":"Notoginsenoside R1 Alleviates Cerebral Ischemia\/Reperfusion Injury by Inhibiting the TLR4\/MyD88\/NF-\u03baB Signaling Pathway through Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis","volume":"128","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine Int. J. Phytother. Phytopharm."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.20.1.84","article-title":"Reversible Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion without Craniectomy in Rats","volume":"20","author":"Longa","year":"1989","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2020.110524","article-title":"Effects of Exopolysaccharide from Lactobacillus Rhamnosus on Human Gut Microbiota in in Vitro Fermentation Model","volume":"139","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"LWT"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/4\/1560\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:32:24Z","timestamp":1760027544000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/4\/1560"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26041560"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26041560","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]}}}