{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T18:05:32Z","timestamp":1789495532942,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"National Science Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019\/33\/N\/ST4\/00286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/33\/N\/ST4\/00286"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"National Science Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015\/18\/M\/ST4\/00059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015\/18\/M\/ST4\/00059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The mutation in NF2 is the most common alteration associated with meningioma oncogenesis, and it is related to the loss of a suppressing protein called merlin. At the same time, alterations in energy production are visible in cancer cells, where increased demands for energy are observed. Fatty acid oxidation could be one of the ways cancer cells obtain energy. This metabolic pathway uses the acylcarnitine shuttle system, which is responsible for the acylation of fatty acids and their transport through the mitochondria. Therefore, this study aimed to profile acylcarnitines with short, medium, and long acyl chain lengths in meningiomas to assess their changes in tumors with different NF2 mutation statuses. For the analysis, solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with liquid chromatography\u2013high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) was used. The presented sampling method enabled less invasive and easy collection of the analytes from the studied lesions, which can be crucial for future analysis of potential biomarkers in the surgery room. It was observed that higher levels of these analytes characterized meningiomas with NF2 mutations. Moreover, the increased energy consumption and elevated levels of acylcarnitines show that these analytes can be considered markers of increased fatty acid oxidation in NF2 mutated cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26041570","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T04:03:35Z","timestamp":1739419415000},"page":"1570","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Acylcarnitine Profiling in Meningiomas with Different NF2 Mutation Statuses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4429-6854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Bogusiewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacek","family":"Furtak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, 10th Military Research Hospital and Polyclinic, 85-681 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6011-7559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Birski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, 10th Military Research Hospital and Polyclinic, 85-681 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krystyna","family":"Soszy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Genetics and Molecular Pathology, Department of Medical Analytics, 10th Military Research Hospital and Polyclinic, 85-681 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Majda\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Genetics and Molecular Pathology, Department of Medical Analytics, 10th Military Research Hospital and Polyclinic, 85-681 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agata","family":"Ryfa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Genetics and Molecular Pathology, Department of Medical Analytics, 10th Military Research Hospital and Polyclinic, 85-681 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Harat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, 10th Military Research Hospital and Polyclinic, 85-681 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3971-9816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Bojko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e383","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(16)30321-7","article-title":"EANO guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of meningiomas","volume":"17","author":"Goldbrunner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nox101","article-title":"Diagnostic challenges in meningioma","volume":"19","author":"Nowosielski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E3","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.1.FOCUS17754","article-title":"Medical management of meningioma in the era of precision medicine","volume":"44","author":"Gupta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Focus"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-023-02940-8","article-title":"The genetic landscape and possible therapeutics of neurofibromatosis type 2","volume":"23","author":"Ghalavand","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5026","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-16-2834","article-title":"An essential role for the tumor-suppressor merlin in regulating fatty acid synthesis","volume":"77","author":"Stepanova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-018-0313-7","article-title":"The carnitine system and cancer metabolic plasticity","volume":"9","author":"Melone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2015.129","article-title":"Acylcarnitines\u2014Old actors auditioning for new roles in metabolic physiology","volume":"11","author":"McCoin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bogusiewicz, J., Burlikowska, K., Jaroch, K., Gorynska, P.Z., Gorynski, K., Birski, M., Furtak, J., Paczkowski, D., Harat, M., and Bojko, B. (2021). Profiling of carnitine shuttle system intermediates in gliomas using solid-phase microextraction (SPME). Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26206112"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-2449-5","article-title":"Enhanced fatty acid oxidation provides glioblastoma cells metabolic plasticity to accommodate to its dynamic nutrient microenvironment","volume":"11","author":"Kant","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.22967","article-title":"Metabolic profiling analysis upon acylcarnitines in tissues of hepatocellular carcinoma revealed the inhibited carnitine shuttle system caused by the downregulated carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2","volume":"58","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Carcinog."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.7b04502","article-title":"Advances in Solid Phase Microextraction and Perspective on Future Directions","volume":"90","author":"Gionfriddo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1739","article-title":"Uncovering the molecular landscape of meningiomas and the impact of perioperative steroids on patient survival","volume":"165","author":"Furtak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.6.JNS15591","article-title":"Genomic landscape of intracranial meningiomas","volume":"125","author":"Bi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2015.125","article-title":"Role of Merlin\/NF2 inactivation in tumor biology","volume":"35","author":"Petrilli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.18632\/oncoscience.417","article-title":"A new concept in NF2 pharmacotherapy: Targeting fatty acid synthesis","volume":"5","author":"Stepanova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncoscience"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S., Karas, P.J., Hadley, C.C., Bayley, V.J.C., Khan, A.B., Jalali, A., Sweeney, A.D., Klisch, T.J., and Patel, A.J. (2019). The Role of Merlin\/NF2 Loss in Meningioma Biology. Cancers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11111633"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, L., Zhu, X., and Wu, Y. (2022). Effects of Glucose Metabolism, Lipid Metabolism, and Glutamine Metabolism on Tumor Microenvironment and Clinical Implications. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12040580"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zoni, E., Minoli, M., Bovet, C., Wehrhan, A., Piscuoglio, S., Ng, C.K.Y., Gray, P.C., Spahn, M., Thalmann, G.N., and Kruithof-De Julio, M. (2019). Preoperative plasma fatty acid metabolites inform risk of prostate cancer progression and may be used for personalized patient stratification. BMC Cancer, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-019-6418-2"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yaligar, J., Teoh, W.W., Othman, R., Verma, S.K., Phang, B.H., Lee, S.S., Wang, W.W., Toh, H.C., Gopalan, V., and Sabapathy, K. (2016). Longitudinal metabolic imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma in transgenic mouse models identifies acylcarnitine as a potential biomarker for early detection. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep20299"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, D., Xuan, Q., Zhang, C., Hu, C., Li, Y., Zhao, X., Liu, S., Ren, F., Zhang, Y., and Zhou, L. (2020). Metabolic Alterations Related to Glioma Grading Based on Metabolomics and Lipidomics Analyses. Metabolites, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo10120478"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noab106","article-title":"The 2021 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: A summary","volume":"23","author":"Louis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-020-02188-w","article-title":"CDKN2A\/B homozygous deletion is associated with early recurrence in meningiomas","volume":"140","author":"Sievers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-023-01690-y","article-title":"CDKN2A\/B deletions are strongly associated with meningioma progression: A meta-analysis of individual patient data","volume":"11","author":"Wach","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2023.05.001","article-title":"CDKN2A deletion remodels lipid metabolism to prime glioblastoma for ferroptosis","volume":"41","author":"Minami","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noy104","article-title":"TERT promoter mutations are associated with poor prognosis and cell immortalization in meningioma","volume":"20","author":"Neumayer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noab036","article-title":"Loss of H3K27me3 in meningiomas","volume":"23","author":"Nassiri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadf0115","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adf0115","article-title":"Acetylcarnitine shuttling links mitochondrial metabolism to histone acetylation and lipogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Izzo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3101","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S163266","article-title":"Downregulation of CPT2 promotes tumorigenesis and chemoresistance to cisplatin in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"11","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"OncoTargets Ther."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2021.101023","article-title":"CPT2 down-regulation promotes tumor growth and metastasis through inducing ROS\/NF\u03baB pathway in ovarian cancer","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2023.110838","article-title":"CPT2-mediated fatty acid oxidation inhibits tumorigenesis and enhances sorafenib sensitivity via the ROS\/PPAR\u03b3\/NF-\u03baB pathway in clear cell renal cell carcinoma","volume":"110","author":"Zeng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2022.110267","article-title":"Downregulation of CPT2 promotes proliferation and inhibits apoptosis through p53 pathway in colorectal cancer","volume":"92","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2023.117043","article-title":"Insight into new opportunities in intra-surgical diagnostics of brain tumors","volume":"162","author":"Bogusiewicz","year":"2023","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bogusiewicz, J., Gaca-Tabaszewska, M., Olsz\u00f3wka, D., Jaroch, K., Furtak, J., Harat, M., Pawliszyn, J., and Bojko, B. (2022). Coated Blade Spray-Mass Spectrometry as a New Approach for the Rapid Characterization of Brain Tumors. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202203.0152.v1"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sampre.2024.100146","article-title":"Determination of acylcarnitines in intact brain tumors using coated blade spray mass spectrometry (CBS-MS)","volume":"13","author":"Bogusiewicz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sample Prep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2631","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.7b04295","article-title":"Development of a Microfluidic Open Interface with Flow Isolated Desorption Volume for the Direct Coupling of SPME Devices to Mass Spectrometry","volume":"90","author":"Tascon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nowak, P.M., Wietecha-Pos\u0142uszny, R., P\u0142otka-Wasylka, J., and Tobiszewski, M. (2023). How to evaluate methods used in chemical laboratories in terms of the total chemical risk?\u2014A ChlorTox Scale. Green Anal. Chem., 5.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.greeac.2023.100056"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bogusiewicz, J., Kupcewicz, B., Gory\u0144ska, P.Z., Jaroch, K., Gory\u0144ski, K., Birski, M., Furtak, J., Paczkowski, D., Harat, M., and Bojko, B. (2022). Investigating the Potential Use of Chemical Biopsy Devices to Characterize Brain Tumor Lipidomes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202203.0018.v1"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-022-00710-w","article-title":"Using MetaboAnalyst 5.0 for LC\u2013HRMS spectra processing, multi-omics integration and covariate adjustment of global metabolomics data","volume":"17","author":"Pang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/4\/1570\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:32:40Z","timestamp":1760027560000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/4\/1570"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26041570"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26041570","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]}}}