{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T03:45:39Z","timestamp":1789962339326,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major cause of ill health and one of the leading causes of death worldwide, with about 1.25 million deaths estimated in 2023. Control measures have focused principally on early diagnosis, the treatment of active TB, and vaccination. However, the widespread emergence of anti-tuberculosis drug resistance remains the major public health threat to progress made in global TB care and control. Moreover, the Bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) vaccine, the only licensed vaccine against TB in children, has been in use for over a century, and there have been considerable debates concerning its effectiveness in TB control. A multi-epitope vaccine against TB would be an invaluable tool to attain the Global Plan to End TB 2023\u20132030 target. A rational approach that combines several B-cell and T-cell epitopes from key lipoproteins was adopted to design a novel multi-epitope vaccine candidate. In addition, interactions with TLR4 were implemented to assess its ability to elicit an innate immune response. The conservation of the selected proteins suggests the possibility of cross-protection in line with the One Health approach to disease control. The vaccine candidate was predicted to be both antigenic and immunogenic, and immune simulation analyses demonstrated its ability to elicit both humoral and cellular immune responses. Protein\u2013protein docking and normal-mode analyses of the vaccine candidate with TLR4 predicted efficient binding and stable interaction. This study provides a promising One Health approach for the design of multi-epitope vaccines against human and livestock tuberculosis. Overall, the designed vaccine candidate demonstrated immunogenicity and safety features that warrant further experimental validation in vitro and in vivo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26041587","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T08:01:19Z","timestamp":1739433679000},"page":"1587","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["One Health Approach to the Computational Design of a Lipoprotein-Based Multi-Epitope Vaccine Against Human and Livestock Tuberculosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0146-3894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert Adamu","family":"Shey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon"},{"name":"Tropical Disease Interventions, Diagnostics, Vaccines and Therapeutics (TroDDIVaT) Initiative, Buea P.O. Box 1022, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1271-5057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gordon Takop","family":"Nchanji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Disease Interventions, Diagnostics, Vaccines and Therapeutics (TroDDIVaT) Initiative, Buea P.O. Box 1022, Cameroon"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tangan Yanick Aqua","family":"Stong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ntang Emmaculate","family":"Yaah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0182-8662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cabirou Mounchili","family":"Shintouo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, 2900 W Queen Ln, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernis Neneyoh","family":"Yengo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, 2900 W Queen Ln, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5815-5705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Derrick Neba","family":"Nebangwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3837-8322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary Teke","family":"Efeti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon"},{"name":"Frailty in Ageing Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Gerontology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan Amban","family":"Chick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, PMB 1023, Ota 112233, Ogun State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abey Blessings","family":"Ayuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea P.O. 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Box 63, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnaud Azonpi","family":"Lemoge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ngonpong Therapeutics, 3640 Concord Pike #1145, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc","family":"Vanhamme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology and Molecular Medicine, IBMM, Gosselies, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, Rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, B-6041 Charleroi, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3459-6554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen Mbigha","family":"Ghogomu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea P.O. 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