{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T21:02:43Z","timestamp":1789419763732,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":252,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), now referred to as metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), is the most prevalent liver disorder globally, linked to obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular risk. Understanding its potential progression from simple steatosis to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is crucial for patient management and treatment strategies. The disease\u2019s complexity requires innovative approaches for early detection and personalized care. Omics technologies\u2014such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and exposomics\u2014are revolutionizing the study of MASLD. These high-throughput techniques allow for a deeper exploration of the molecular mechanisms driving disease progression. Genomics can identify genetic predispositions, whilst transcriptomics and proteomics reveal changes in gene expression and protein profiles during disease evolution. Metabolomics offers insights into the metabolic alterations associated with MASLD, while exposomics links environmental exposures to MASLD progression and pathology. By integrating data from various omics platforms, researchers can map out the intricate biochemical pathways involved in liver disease progression. This review discusses the roles of omics technologies in enhancing the understanding of disease progression and highlights potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets within the MASLD spectrum, emphasizing the need for non-invasive tools in disease staging and treatment development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26041589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T08:01:19Z","timestamp":1739433679000},"page":"1589","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Unraveling Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease Through the Use of Omics Technologies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7417-7830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria V.","family":"Bourganou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Eleni","family":"Chondrogianni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Endocrine Unit, 1st Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Laiko Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6997-3439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Kyrou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Dietetics and Quality of Life, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK"},{"name":"Institute for Cardiometabolic Medicine, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK"},{"name":"Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Health & Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK"},{"name":"Aston Medical School, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK"},{"name":"College of Health, Psychology and Social Care, University of Derby, Derby DE22 IGB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2915-6386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina-Maria","family":"Flessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7039-4223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonios","family":"Chatzigeorgiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Str., 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8079-0599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evangelos","family":"Oikonomou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Department of Cardiology, \u201cSotiria\u201d Thoracic Diseases Hospital of Athens, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vaia","family":"Lambadiari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of Internal-Medicine, Diabetes Centre, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harpal S.","family":"Randeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK"},{"name":"Institute for Cardiometabolic Medicine, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK"},{"name":"Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Health & Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7491-2297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Kassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Endocrine Unit, 1st Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Laiko Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000004","article-title":"The global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): A systematic review","volume":"77","author":"Younossi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00165-0","article-title":"The prevalence and incidence of NAFLD worldwide: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Riazi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01701-3","article-title":"The EASL\u2013Lancet Liver Commission: Protecting the next generation of Europeans against liver disease complications and premature mortality","volume":"399","author":"Karlsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0104-9","article-title":"Mechanisms of NAFLD development and therapeutic strategies","volume":"24","author":"Friedman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.109","article-title":"Global burden of NAFLD and NASH: Trends, predictions, risk factors and prevention","volume":"15","author":"Younossi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.04.036","article-title":"Changing epidemiology, global trends and implications for outcomes of NAFLD","volume":"79","author":"Wong","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8179","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000008179","article-title":"Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"96","author":"Dai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aohep.2023.101133","article-title":"A multisociety Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature","volume":"29","author":"Rinella","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.03.039","article-title":"A new definition for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: An international expert consensus statement","volume":"73","author":"Eslam","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-024-00574-z","article-title":"Non-invasive Scores and Serum Biomarkers for Fatty Liver in the Era of Metabolic Dysfunction-associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD): A Comprehensive Review From NAFLD to MAFLD and MASLD","volume":"13","author":"Abdelhameed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Obes. Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.08.021","article-title":"Clinical and histological features under different nomenclatures of fatty liver disease: NAFLD, MAFLD, MASLD and MetALD","volume":"80","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.01.012","article-title":"Researchers call for more flexible editorial conduct rather than abruptly adopting only the new MASLD nomenclature","volume":"80","author":"Lonardo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S32","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2022.0365","article-title":"Global incidence and prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"29","author":"Teng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Mol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riazi, K., Swain, M.G., Congly, S.E., Kaplan, G.G., and Shaheen, A.-A. (2022). Race and Ethnicity in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD): A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14214556"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.21037\/tgh.2019.12.05","article-title":"Pathogenesis and pathways: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease & alcoholic liver disease","volume":"5","author":"Robinson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-024-01708-8","article-title":"Exploring the role of genetic variations in NAFLD: Implications for disease pathogenesis and precision medicine approaches","volume":"29","author":"Mahmoudi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2006.0512.x","article-title":"Race, ethnicity, culture, and disparities in health care","volume":"21","author":"Egede","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2017.09.041","article-title":"Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Prevalence, Severity, and Outcomes in the United States: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Rich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Heredia, N.I., Balakrishnan, M., and Thrift, A.P. (2021). Prevalence and factors associated with NAFLD detected by vibration controlled transient elastography among US adults: Results from NHANES 2017\u20132018. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252164"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.257","article-title":"Genetic variation in PNPLA3 confers susceptibility to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"40","author":"Romeo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2010.02444.x","article-title":"Association of PNPLA3 with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a minority cohort: The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Family Study","volume":"31","author":"Wagenknecht","year":"2011","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20466","article-title":"Prevalence of hepatic steatosis in an urban population in the United States: Impact of ethnicity","volume":"40","author":"Browning","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22726","article-title":"Ethnic differences in hepatic steatosis","volume":"49","author":"Guerrero","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-016-4143-0","article-title":"Global Epidemiology of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Perspectives on US Minority Populations","volume":"61","author":"Sherif","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aohep.2022.100706","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease prevalence in Latin America: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Rojas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.12.002","article-title":"2019 global NAFLD prevalence\u2014A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Le","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/cld.759","article-title":"Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Risk Factors in Latin American Populations: Current Scenario and Perspectives","volume":"13","author":"Cotrim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.01.003","article-title":"Obesity and its Relation With Diabetes and Hypertension: A Cross-Sectional Study Across 4 Geographical Regions","volume":"11","author":"Patel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob. Heart"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pontoriero, A.C., Trinks, J., Hulaniuk, M.L., Caputo, M., Fortuny, L., Pratx, L.B., Fr\u00edas, A., Torres, O., Nu\u00f1ez, F., and Gadano, A. (2015). Influence of ethnicity on the distribution of genetic polymorphisms associated with risk of chronic liver disease in South American populations. BMC Genet., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12863-015-0255-3"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"404","article-title":"Epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in Europe: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Cholongitas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.04.048","article-title":"Prevalence and Risk Factors of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Advanced Fibrosis in General Population: The French Nationwide NASH-CO Study","volume":"159","author":"Nabi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(19)30039-1","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence, and outcome of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Asia, 1999\u20132019: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL), European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD), and European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO) (2016). EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J. Hepatol., 64, 1388\u20131402.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.11.004"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1002\/cld.722","article-title":"The diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Practice guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases","volume":"11","author":"Chalasani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101534","article-title":"Predictors of patient survival following liver transplant in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Minich","year":"2022","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000002113","article-title":"Gender, Race and Disease Etiology Predict De Novo Malignancy Risk After Liver Transplantation: Insights for Future Individualized Cancer Screening Guidance","volume":"103","author":"Bhat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2022.0237","article-title":"Pathogenesis and treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and its fibrosis","volume":"29","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Mol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-021-00431-3","article-title":"Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Autophagy in the Pathogenesis of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD): Current Evidence and Perspectives","volume":"10","author":"Flessa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Obes. Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nasiri-Ansari, N., Androutsakos, T., Flessa, C.-M., Kyrou, I., Siasos, G., Randeva, H.S., Kassi, E., and Papavassiliou, A.G. (2022). Endothelial Cell Dysfunction and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD): A Concise Review. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11162511"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kassi, E., Kyrou, I., and Randeva, H.S. (2023). Atherosclerotic and Cardio-Metabolic Diseases: From Molecular Basis to Therapeutic Advances. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/books978-3-0365-8602-1"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bassal, T., Basheer, M., Boulos, M., and Assy, N. (2022). Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease\u2014A Concise Review of Noninvasive Tests and Biomarkers. Metabolites, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12111073"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.01.014","article-title":"Clinical profiles and mortality rates are similar for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"80","author":"Younossi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.03.035","article-title":"Opportunities and barriers in omics-based biomarker discovery for steatotic liver diseases","volume":"81","author":"Thiele","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2007.02.003","article-title":"The Role of Genomics and Proteomics: Technologies in Studying Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"11","author":"Baranova","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1","article-title":"Genomic, Proteomic, and Metabolomic Data Integration Strategies","volume":"10","author":"Wanichthanarak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomark. Insights"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2020.154320","article-title":"The role of omics in the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"111","author":"Perakakis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pelech\u00e1, M., Villanueva-B\u00e1denas, E., Timor-L\u00f3pez, E., Donato, M.T., and Tolosa, L. (2021). Cell Models and Omics Techniques for the Study of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Focusing on Stem Cell-Derived Cell Models. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11010086"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-024-03626-3","article-title":"Evaluating cardiovascular risk in metabolic steatosis with precision medicine non-invasive approaches: Insights from a cohort study","volume":"19","author":"Masarone","year":"2024","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1227","article-title":"Whole-Exome Sequencing Study of Extreme Phenotypes of NAFLD","volume":"2","author":"Kleinstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00087","DOI":"10.14309\/ctg.0000000000000087","article-title":"Whole Exome Sequencing Among 26 Patients With Indeterminate Acute Liver Failure: A Pilot Study","volume":"10","author":"Rakela","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breher-Esch, S., Sahini, N., Trincone, A., Wallstab, C., and Borlak, J. (2018). Genomics of lipid-laden human hepatocyte cultures enables drug target screening for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. BMC Med. Genom., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12920-018-0438-7"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.14218\/JCTH.2021.00248","article-title":"Biomarkers of Metabolic (Dysfunction)-associated Fatty Liver Disease: An Update","volume":"10","author":"Alharthi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Transl. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.02.020","article-title":"Update on NAFLD genetics: From new variants to the clinic","volume":"72","author":"Valenti","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2013.476","article-title":"The Effect of PNPLA3 on Fibrosis Progression and Development of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Meta-analysis","volume":"109","author":"Singal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6018","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i42.6018","article-title":"PNPLA3, the triacylglycerol synthesis\/hydrolysis\/storage dilemma, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"18","author":"Sookoian","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.04.008","article-title":"Adiponutrin Functions as a Nutritionally Regulated Lysophosphatidic Acid Acyltransferase","volume":"15","author":"Kumari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"127902","article-title":"Human PNPLA3-I148M variant increases hepatic retention of polyunsaturated fatty acids","volume":"4","author":"Luukkonen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.21037\/hbsn.2019.10.35","article-title":"PNPLA3 and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Towards personalized medicine for fatty liver","volume":"9","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Surg. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.01.029","article-title":"A common variant in PNPLA3 is associated with age at diagnosis of NAFLD in patients from a multi-ethnic biobank","volume":"72","author":"Walker","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salari, N., Darvishi, N., Mansouri, K., Ghasemi, H., Hosseinian-Far, M., Darvishi, F., and Mohammadi, M. (2021). Association between PNPLA3 rs738409 polymorphism and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Endocr. Disord., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-021-00789-4"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23759","article-title":"The Association of Genetic Variability in Patatin-Like Phospholipase Domain-Containing Protein 3 (PNPLA3) with Histological Severity of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"52","author":"Rotman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2019.08.011","article-title":"Association Between PNPLA3 rs738409 C>G Variant and Liver-Related Outcomes in Patients With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"18","author":"Grimaudo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-013-1294-3","article-title":"Genome-wide scan revealed that polymorphisms in the PNPLA3, SAMM50, and PARVB genes are associated with development and progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in Japan","volume":"132","author":"Kitamoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Namjou, B., Lingren, T., Huang, Y., Parameswaran, S., Cobb1, B.L., Stanaway, I.B., Connolly, J.J., Mentch, F.D., Benoit, B., and Niu, X. (2019). GWAS and enrichment analyses of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease identify new trait-associated genes and pathways across eMERGE Network. BMC Med., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1364-z"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flessa, C.-M., Nasiri-Ansari, N., Kyrou, I., Leca, B.M., Lianou, M., Chatzigeorgiou, A., Kaltsas, G., Kassi, E., and Randeva, H.S. (2022). Genetic and Diet-Induced Animal Models for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Research. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232415791"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.10.031","article-title":"Preclinical models of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"68","author":"Santhekadur","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mann, J.P., Semple, R.K., and Armstrong, M.J. (2016). How Useful Are Monogenic Rodent Models for the Study of Human Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease?. Front. Endocrinol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2016.00145"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4130","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI65179","article-title":"Chronic overexpression of PNPLA3I148M in mouse liver causes hepatic steatosis","volume":"122","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27242","article-title":"Pnpla3I148M knockin mice accumulate PNPLA3 on lipid droplets and develop hepatic steatosis","volume":"61","author":"Smagris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2901","article-title":"Exome-wide association study identifies a TM6SF2 variant that confers susceptibility to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"46","author":"Kozlitina","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27490","article-title":"Transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 gene variant disentangles nonalcoholic steatohepatitis from cardiovascular disease","volume":"61","author":"Dongiovanni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1822","article-title":"TM6SF2: A Novel Genetic Player in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"6","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1668","article-title":"Sex and Menopause Modify the Effect of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Genotypes on Fibrosis in NAFLD","volume":"5","author":"Wegermann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1159\/000056784","article-title":"Cloning of the novel gene TM6SF1 reveals conservation of clusters of paralogous genes between human chromosomes 15q24\u2192q26 and 19p13.3\u2192p12","volume":"90","author":"Escarceller","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cytogenet. Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.2302","article-title":"APOC3rs2854116, PNPLA3rs738409, and TM6SF2rs58542926 polymorphisms might influence predisposition of NAFLD: A meta-analysis","volume":"72","author":"Tong","year":"2020","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Liu, S., Gao, Y., Ma, H., Zhan, S., Yang, Y., Xin, Y., and Xuan, S. (2019). Association of TM6SF2 rs58542926 gene polymorphism with the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and colorectal adenoma in Chinese Han population. BMC Biochem., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12858-019-0106-3"},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"European Association for the Study of the Liver (2018). EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J. Hepatol., 69, 182\u2013236."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.02.014","article-title":"Impaired hepatic lipid synthesis from polyunsaturated fatty acids in TM6SF2 E167K variant carriers with NAFLD","volume":"67","author":"Luukkonen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.P067454","article-title":"Combined effects of the PNPLA3 rs738409, TM6SF2 rs58542926, and MBOAT7 rs641738 variants on NAFLD severity: A multicenter biopsy-based study","volume":"58","author":"Krawczyk","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4309","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5309","article-title":"TM6SF2 rs58542926 influences hepatic fibrosis progression in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27556","article-title":"Genetic variation in transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 and the risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and histological disease severity","volume":"61","author":"Sookoian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donati, B., Dongiovanni, P., Romeo, S., Meroni, M., McCain, M., Miele, L., Petta, S., Maier, S., Rosso, C., and De Luca, L. (2017). MBOAT7 rs641738 variant and hepatocellular carcinoma in non-cirrhotic individuals. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-04991-0"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0000000000000155","article-title":"Glucokinase regulatory protein","volume":"26","author":"Raimondo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12714","article-title":"A common variant in the glucokinase regulatory gene rs780094 and risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Zain","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, L.F., Vangipurapu, J., Kuulasmaa, T., and Laakso, M. (2019). An intronic variant in the GCKR gene is associated with multiple lipids. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46750-3"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4081","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddp357","article-title":"The P446L variant in GCKR associated with fasting plasma glucose and triglyceride levels exerts its effect through increased glucokinase activity in liver","volume":"18","author":"Beer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.01.032","article-title":"The MBOAT7-TMC4 Variant rs641738 Increases Risk of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Individuals of European Descent","volume":"150","author":"Mancina","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-320853","article-title":"Loss of hepatic Mboat7 leads to liver fibrosis","volume":"70","author":"Thangapandi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1712191","article-title":"A Protein-Truncating HSD17B13 Variant and Protection from Chronic Liver Disease","volume":"378","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30350","article-title":"17-Beta Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase 13 Is a Hepatic Retinol Dehydrogenase Associated With Histological Features of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"69","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H.-B., Su, W., Xu, H., Zhang, X.-Y., and Guan, Y.-F. (2022). HSD17B13: A Potential Therapeutic Target for NAFLD. Front. Mol. Biosci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2021.824776"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(00)80119-1","article-title":"Chronic liver disease in heterozygous \u03b11-antitrypsin deficiency PiZ","volume":"33","author":"Fischer","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.053","article-title":"Toward Genetic Prediction of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Trajectories: PNPLA3 and Beyond","volume":"158","author":"Krawczyk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.10.061","article-title":"The Pi\u2217MZ Allele in Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Increases Liver-Related Outcomes in a Population-Based Study","volume":"160","author":"Luukkonen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-316228","article-title":"Heterozygous carriage of the alpha1-antitrypsin Pi*Z variant increases the risk to develop liver cirrhosis","volume":"68","author":"Strnad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Semmler, G., Balcar, L., Oberkofler, H., Zandanell, S., Strasser, M., Niederseer, D., Feldman, A., Stickel, F., Strnad, P., and Datz, C. (2021). PNPLA3 and SERPINA1 Variants Are Associated with Severity of Fatty Liver Disease at First Referral to a Tertiary Center. J. Pers. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11030165"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117601","article-title":"ApoE deficiency promotes non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice via impeding AMPK\/mTOR mediated autophagy","volume":"252","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berg, E.H.v.D., Corsetti, J.P., Bakker, S.J.L., and Dullaart, R.P.F. (2019). Plasma ApoE elevations are associated with NAFLD: The PREVEND Study. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0220659"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1369\/0022155415627681","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2\/SMAD Pathway and Its Regulation in Hepatic Fibrosis","volume":"64","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.12.011","article-title":"Association of Genetic Variation With Cirrhosis: A Multi-Trait Genome-Wide Association and Gene\u2013Environment Interaction Study","volume":"160","author":"Emdin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.112.301101","article-title":"A Novel APOB Mutation Identified by Exome Sequencing Cosegregates With Steatosis, Liver Cancer, and Hypocholesterolemia","volume":"33","author":"Pirruccello","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.03.031","article-title":"Rare ATG7 genetic variants predispose patients to severe fatty liver disease","volume":"77","author":"Baselli","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.13363","article-title":"Serum apoB levels independently predict the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A 7-year prospective study","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3410","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v28.i27.3410","article-title":"Risk factors and diagnostic biomarkers for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-associated hepatocellular carcinoma: Current evidence and future perspectives","volume":"28","author":"Ueno","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1159\/000510366","article-title":"TERT Promoter Mutation in Serum Cell-Free DNA Is a Diagnostic Marker of Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"99","author":"Akuta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncology"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casamassimi, A., Federico, A., Rienzo, M., Esposito, S., and Ciccodicola, A. (2017). Transcriptome Profiling in Human Diseases: New Advances and Perspectives. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18081652"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20838","article-title":"A Genomic and Proteomic Study of the Spectrum of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease *","volume":"42","author":"Younossi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryaboshapkina, M., and Hammar, M. (2017). Human hepatic gene expression signature of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease progression, a meta-analysis. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10930-w"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.05.051","article-title":"Comparison of Gene Expression Patterns Between Mouse Models of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Liver Tissues From Patients","volume":"151","author":"Teufel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, S., Sun, C., Hou, Y., Tang, Y., Zhu, Z., Zhang, Z., Zhang, Y., Wang, L., Zhao, Q., and Chen, M.-G. (2018). A comprehensive bioinformatics analysis on multiple Gene Expression Omnibus datasets of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-25658-4"},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"G462","article-title":"Hepatic transcriptome signatures in patients with varying degrees of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease compared with healthy normal-weight individuals","volume":"316","author":"Suppli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Starmann, J., F\u00e4lth, M., Spindelb\u00f6ck, W., Lanz, K.-L., Lackner, C., Zatloukal, K., Trauner, M., and S\u00fcltmann, H. (2012). Gene Expression Profiling Unravels Cancer-Related Hepatic Molecular Signatures in Steatohepatitis but Not in Steatosis. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0046584"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26661","article-title":"Hepatic Gene Expression Profiles Differentiate Presymptomatic Patients With Mild Versus Severe Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"59","author":"Moylan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000387","article-title":"Single-cell and spatially resolved transcriptomics for liver biology","volume":"80","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaba4448","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aba4448","article-title":"Transcriptomic profiling across the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease spectrum reveals gene signatures for steatohepatitis and fibrosis","volume":"12","author":"Govaere","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-023-00775-1","article-title":"A proteo-transcriptomic map of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease signatures","volume":"5","author":"Govaere","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2023.11.017","article-title":"Integrated spatial metabolomics and transcriptomics decipher the hepatoprotection mechanisms of wedelolactone and demethylwedelolactone on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Anal."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, N., He, J., Shi, L., Zhang, M., Zheng, J., and Fan, Y. (2022). Identification of biomarkers in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A machine learning method and experimental study. Front. Genet., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2022.1020899"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-319226","article-title":"Liver transcriptomics highlights interleukin-32 as novel NAFLD-related cytokine and candidate biomarker","volume":"69","author":"Baselli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1872-034X.2008.00399.x","article-title":"Gene expression profiling of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis using gene set enrichment analysis","volume":"38","author":"Yoneda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1210\/js.2018-00122","article-title":"Transcriptomic Profiling of Obesity-Related Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Reveals a Core Set of Fibrosis-Specific Genes","volume":"2","author":"Gerhard","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Endocr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2452","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31995","article-title":"Transcriptomics Identify Thrombospondin-2 as a Biomarker for NASH and Advanced Liver Fibrosis","volume":"74","author":"Kozumi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14167","article-title":"Serum coding and non-coding RNAs as biomarkers of NAFLD and fibrosis severity","volume":"39","author":"Scamporrino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.4251\/wjgo.v14.i7.1265","article-title":"Differences of core genes in liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma: Evidence from integrated bioinformatics and immunohistochemical analysis","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, M., Gong, Q., Zhang, J., Chen, L., Zhang, Z., Lu, L., Yu, D., Han, Y., Zhang, D., and Chen, P. (2017). Characterization of gene expression profiles in HBV-related liver fibrosis patients and identification of ITGBL1 as a key regulator of fibrogenesis. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43446"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2015.02.024","article-title":"Lower serum fibroblast activation protein shows promise in the exclusion of clinically significant liver fibrosis due to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in diabetes and obesity","volume":"108","author":"Williams","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23998","article-title":"Osteopontin is induced by hedgehog pathway activation and promotes fibrosis progression in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"53","author":"Syn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.100166","article-title":"SCG10 Expression on activation of hepatic stellate cells promotes cell motility through interference with microtubules","volume":"177","author":"Paradis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_129","first-page":"e92264","article-title":"Interspecies NASH disease activity whole-genome profiling identifies a fibrogenic role of PPAR\u03b1-regulated dermatopontin","volume":"2","author":"Lefebvre","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-013-1104-3","article-title":"Increased expression of S100A6 promotes cell proliferation and migration in human hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"92","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s40537-024-00899-5","article-title":"Integration of transcriptomic analysis and multiple machine learning approaches identifies NAFLD progression-specific hub genes to reveal distinct genomic patterns and actionable targets","volume":"11","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Big Data"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gharanei, S., Shabir, K., Brown, J.E., Weickert, M.O., Barber, T.M., Kyrou, I., and Randeva, H.S. (2020). Regulatory microRNAs in Brown, Brite and White Adipose Tissue. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9112489"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s11523-020-00717-x","article-title":"MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and Long Non-Coding RNAs (lncRNAs) as New Tools for Cancer Therapy: First Steps from Bench to Bedside","volume":"15","author":"Ratti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Target. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-016-1178-0","article-title":"A micro-RNA expression signature for human NAFLD progression","volume":"51","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22569","article-title":"Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is associated with altered hepatic MicroRNA expression","volume":"48","author":"Cheung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_136","first-page":"8690592","article-title":"Role of Noncoding RNA in Development of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"2019","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dongiovanni, P., Meroni, M., Longo, M., Fargion, S., and Fracanzani, A.L. (2018). miRNA Signature in NAFLD: A Turning Point for a Non-Invasive Diagnosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19123966"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tobaruela-Resola, A.L., Milagro, F.I., Elorz, M., Benito-Boillos, A., Herrero, J.I., Mogna-Pel\u00e1ez, P., Tur, J.A., Mart\u00ednez, J.A., Abete, I., and Zulet, M.\u00c1. (2024). Circulating miR-122-5p, miR-151a-3p, miR-126-5p and miR-21-5p as potential predictive biomarkers for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease assessment. J. Physiol. Biochem., 1\u201314.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13105-024-01037-8"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2022.101581","article-title":"MicroRNAs in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Progress and perspectives","volume":"65","author":"Hochreuter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-306996","article-title":"Circulating microRNA signature in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: From serum non-coding RNAs to liver histology and disease pathogenesis","volume":"64","author":"Pirola","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e302","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12429","article-title":"Significance of serum and hepatic microRNA-122 levels in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"34","author":"Miyaaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2017.21","article-title":"Decreased lipid metabolism but increased FA biosynthesis are coupled with changes in liver microRNAs in obese subjects with NAFLD","volume":"41","author":"Latorre","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.2960","article-title":"Circulating microRNA 122 in the methionine and choline-deficient mouse model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"34","author":"Clarke","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, A.M., Xu, Z., Shek, F.H., Wong, K.-F., Lee, N.P., Poon, R.T., Chen, J., and Luk, J.M. (2014). miR-122 Targets Pyruvate Kinase M2 and Affects Metabolism of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086872"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.10.004","article-title":"miR-122\u2014A key factor and therapeutic target in liver disease","volume":"62","author":"Bandiera","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11975","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb46110711","article-title":"Dual Roles of microRNA-122 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Breast Cancer Progression and Metastasis: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"46","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.08.008","article-title":"miRNAs in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"69","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matias-Garcia, P.R., Wilson, R., Mussack, V., Reischl, E., Waldenberger, M., Gieger, C., Anton, G., Peters, A., and Kuehn-Steven, A. (2020). Impact of long-term storage and freeze-thawing on eight circulating microRNAs in plasma samples. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227648"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cermelli, S., Ruggieri, A., Marrero, J.A., Ioannou, G.N., and Beretta, L. (2011). Circulating MicroRNAs in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023937"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Becker, P.P., Rau, M., Schmitt, J., Malsch, C., Hammer, C., Bantel, H., M\u00fcllhaupt, B., and Geier, A. (2015). Performance of Serum microRNAs -122, -192 and -21 as Biomarkers in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142661"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okamoto, K., Koda, M., Okamoto, T., Onoyama, T., Miyoshi, K., Kishina, M., Matono, T., Kato, J., Tokunaga, S., and Sugihara, T. (2020). Serum miR-379 expression is related to the development and progression of hypercholesterolemia in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0219412"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.59588","article-title":"MicroRNAs in the Pathogenesis of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"17","author":"Fang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30252-1","article-title":"A blood-based biomarker panel (NIS4) for non-invasive diagnosis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis: A prospective derivation and global validation study","volume":"5","author":"Harrison","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-020-00315-9","article-title":"Gene regulation by long non-coding RNAs and its biological functions","volume":"22","author":"Statello","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.1442","article-title":"Genome-wide analysis of long noncoding RNA expression profiles in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"67","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"ref_156","first-page":"67","article-title":"A liver-specific long noncoding RNA with a role in cell viability is elevated in human nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"34","author":"Atanasovska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.2337\/db21-1145","article-title":"Long Noncoding RNA lncRHPL Regulates Hepatic VLDL Secretion by Modulating hnRNPU\/BMAL1\/MTTP Axis","volume":"71","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aohep.2021.100584","article-title":"Silencing lncRNA NEAT1 reduces nonalcoholic fatty liver fat deposition by regulating the miR-139-5p\/c-Jun\/SREBP-1c pathway","volume":"27","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-015-0383-6","article-title":"Berberine ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by a global modulation of hepatic mRNA and lncRNA expression profiles","volume":"13","author":"Yuan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2020.11.008","article-title":"Circular RNA: An important player with multiple facets to regulate its parental gene expression","volume":"23","author":"Shao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Ther.-Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1080\/15476286.2023.2290769","article-title":"Circular RNAs in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Functions and clinical significance","volume":"21","author":"Zeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"RNA Biol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-018-5290-2","article-title":"CircScd1 Promotes Fatty Liver Disease via the Janus Kinase 2\/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 5 Pathway","volume":"64","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5936171","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5936171","article-title":"Circular RNA Profiling and Bioinformatic Modeling Identify Its Regulatory Role in Hepatic Steatosis","volume":"2017","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioMed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-04090-z","article-title":"Circ_0057558 promotes nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by regulating ROCK1\/AMPK signaling through targeting miR-206","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.3700167","article-title":"Proteomics in pathology research","volume":"84","author":"Lim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1038\/425441a","article-title":"China takes centre stage for liver proteome","volume":"425","author":"Cyranoski","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.R500013-MCP200","article-title":"Human Liver Proteome Project","volume":"4","author":"He","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08280-5","article-title":"\u03c0-HuB: The proteomic navigator of the human body","volume":"636","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23271","article-title":"Serum Proteomics and Biomarker Discovery Across the Spectrum of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"51","author":"Bell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, Y., Zhuang, X., Zhang, J., Li, M., Du, S., Tian, J., Yuan, Y., Ji, G., and Hu, C. (2023). Clinical characterization and proteomic profiling of lean nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1171397"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.11.029","article-title":"Defining the serum proteomic signature of hepatic steatosis, inflammation, ballooning and fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"78","author":"Sanyal","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altomare, A.A., Aiello, G., Garcia, J.L., Garrone, G., Zoanni, B., Carini, M., Aldini, G., and D\u2019amato, A. (2022). Protein Profiling of a Cellular Model of NAFLD by Advanced Bioanalytical Approaches. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23169025"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1002\/prca.200900119","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease proteomics","volume":"4","author":"Duce","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proteom.\u2014Clin. Appl."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1670","article-title":"SOMAscan Proteomics Identifies Serum Biomarkers Associated With Liver Fibrosis in Patients With NASH","volume":"5","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01199-5","article-title":"Multiomics study of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"54","author":"Sveinbjornsson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-018-0313-8","article-title":"Association of sex hormone-binding globulin with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in Chinese adults","volume":"15","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hua, M.-C., Su, H.-M., Yao, T.-C., Kuo, M.-L., Lai, M.-W., Tsai, M.-H., and Huang, J.-L. (2017). Alternation of plasma fatty acids composition and desaturase activities in children with liver steatosis. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182277"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14082","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.14082","article-title":"The relationship between sex hormone-binding protein and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease using Mendelian randomisation","volume":"54","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.12.036","article-title":"Noninvasive Assessment of Liver Disease in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"156","author":"Castera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_180","first-page":"347","article-title":"A novel pathophysiological-based panel of biomarkers for the diagnosis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"63","author":"Grigorescu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_181","unstructured":"Kyrou, I., Randeva, H.S., Tsigos, C., Kaltsas, G., and Weickert, M.O. (2024, October 01). Clinical Problems Caused by Obesity, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/25905207."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2019.154026","article-title":"Low levels of total and high-molecular-weight adiponectin may predict non-alcoholic fatty liver in Korean adults","volume":"103","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-2980.12980","article-title":"Liver and serum adiponectin levels in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"22","author":"Mavilia","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dig. Dis."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2010.09.003","article-title":"Serum total adiponectin in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"60","author":"Polyzos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.07.006","article-title":"CXCL10 plays a key role as an inflammatory mediator and a non-invasive biomarker of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"61","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2017.08.022","article-title":"Metabonomics screening of serum identifies pyroglutamate as a diagnostic biomarker for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"473","author":"Qi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2011.12.025","article-title":"Non-invasive diagnosis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis by combined serum biomarkers","volume":"56","author":"Shen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3218","DOI":"10.1021\/pr100069e","article-title":"Phosphoproteomic Biomarkers Predicting Histologic Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis and Fibrosis","volume":"9","author":"Younossi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2007.140087","article-title":"Serum proteomic profiling of obese patients: Correlation with liver pathology and evolution after bariatric surgery","volume":"58","author":"Dargere","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2020.103683","article-title":"Proteomic analysis to identify differentially expressed proteins between subjects with metabolic healthy obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"221","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wood, G.C., Chu, X., Argyropoulos, G., Benotti, P., Rolston, D., Mirshahi, T., Petrick, A., Gabrielson, J., Carey, D.J., and DiStefano, J.K. (2017). A multi-component classifier for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) based on genomic, proteomic, and phenomic data domains. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43238"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-016-0283-7","article-title":"Proteomic profiling of cellular steatosis with concomitant oxidative stress in vitro","volume":"15","author":"Lockman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e27739","article-title":"Role of the angiopoietin-like protein family in the progression of NAFLD","volume":"10","author":"Su","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, Y.-H., Lee, S.-G., Lee, C.J., Kim, S.H., Song, Y.-M., Yoon, M.R., Jeon, B.H., Lee, J.H., Lee, B.-W., and Kang, E.S. (2016). Association between betatrophin\/ANGPTL8 and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Animal and human studies. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24013"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.4103\/ed.ed_33_19","article-title":"Serum ANGPTL2 and ANGPTL3 as potential biomarkers for diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"5","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Dis."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2018.05.030","article-title":"Serum Angiopoietin-like peptide 4 levels in patients with hepatic steatosis","volume":"111","author":"Altun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-021-01481-1","article-title":"Circulating angiopoietin-like proteins in metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Ke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.04.005","article-title":"\u03b1-Fetoprotein, Des-\u03b3 Carboxyprothrombin, and Lectin-Bound \u03b1-Fetoprotein in Early Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"137","author":"Marrero","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-20-0005","article-title":"Biomarkers for the Early Detection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"29","author":"Parikh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Q., Feng, M., Ren, Y., Liu, X., Gao, H., Li, Z., Su, X., Wang, Q., and Wang, Y. (2023). From NAFLD to HCC: Advances in noninvasive diagnosis. Biomed. Pharmacother., 165.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115028"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2019.11.012","article-title":"GALAD Score Detects Early Hepatocellular Carcinoma in an International Cohort of Patients With Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis","volume":"18","author":"Best","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2024.10.008","article-title":"A blood-based biomarker panel for non-invasive diagnosis of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giera, M., and Ivanisevic, J. (2023). Introduction. A Practical Guide to Metabolomics Applications in Health and Disease, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-44256-8"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01399-3","article-title":"Small molecule metabolites: Discovery of biomarkers and therapeutic targets","volume":"8","author":"Qiu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-021-00502-9","article-title":"Metabolomics and lipidomics in NAFLD: Biomarkers and non-invasive diagnostic tests","volume":"18","author":"Masoodi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23229","article-title":"The plasma lipidomic signature of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis\u2020\u2021","volume":"50","author":"Puri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.P056002","article-title":"Biomarkers of NAFLD progression: A lipidomics approach to an epidemic","volume":"56","author":"Gorden","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiappini, F., Desterke, C., Bertrand-Michel, J., Guettier, C., and Le Naour, F. (2016). Hepatic and serum lipid signatures specific to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in murine models. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31587"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiappini, F., Coilly, A., Kadar, H., Gual, P., Tran, A., Desterke, C., Samuel, D., Duclos-Vall\u00e9e, J.-C., Touboul, D., and Bertrand-Michel, J. (2017). Metabolism dysregulation induces a specific lipid signature of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in patients. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep46658"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.06.031","article-title":"Bioactive Lipid Species and Metabolic Pathways in Progression and Resolution of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis","volume":"155","author":"Musso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2010.05.003","article-title":"Biosynthesis and bioavailability of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"49","author":"Gormaz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21763","article-title":"A lipidomic analysis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"46","author":"Puri","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3978","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0901355","article-title":"5-Lipoxygenase Activating Protein Signals Adipose Tissue Inflammation and Lipid Dysfunction in Experimental Obesity","volume":"184","author":"Horrillo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5384","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201700394R","article-title":"The specialized proresolving lipid mediator maresin 1 protects hepatocytes from lipotoxic and hypoxia-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress","volume":"31","author":"Rius","year":"2017","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2019.154005","article-title":"Non-invasive diagnosis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and fibrosis with the use of omics and supervised learning: A proof of concept study","volume":"101","author":"Perakakis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2016.05.046","article-title":"Noninvasive Detection of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Using Clinical Markers and Circulating Levels of Lipids and Metabolites","volume":"14","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1884","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-317584","article-title":"Serum metabolites detect the presence of advanced fibrosis in derivation and validation cohorts of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"68","author":"Caussy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robinson, E.J., Taddeo, M.C., Chu, X., Shi, W., Wood, C., Still, C., Rovnyak, V.G., and Rovnyak, D. (2021). Aqueous Metabolite Trends for the Progression of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Female Bariatric Surgery Patients by Targeted 1H-NMR Metabolomics. Metabolites, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11110737"},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2797","DOI":"10.1021\/pr200047c","article-title":"A Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Metabonomics Approach for Biomarker Discovery in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2010.03.006","article-title":"Plasma metabolomic profile in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"60","author":"Kalhan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Metab. Clin. Exp."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kozyra, M., Johansson, I., Nordling, \u00c5., Ullah, S., Lauschke, V.M., and Ingelman-Sundberg, M. (2018). Human hepatic 3D spheroids as a model for steatosis and insulin resistance. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32722-6"},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-022-00838-5","article-title":"Measurement of lipid flux to advance translational research: Evolution of classic methods to the future of precision health","volume":"54","author":"Salvador","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C630","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00123.2022","article-title":"Role of hepatic lipid species in the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"323","author":"Deng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.04.013","article-title":"Hepatic lipidomic remodeling in severe obesity manifests with steatosis and does not evolve with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"75","author":"Ooi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1188","article-title":"Metabolomic-based noninvasive serum test to diagnose nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Results from discovery and validation cohorts","volume":"2","author":"Mayo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perez-Diaz-Del-Campo, N., Riezu-Boj, J.I., Marin-Alejandre, B.A., Monreal, J.I., Elorz, M., Herrero, J.I., Benito-Boillos, A., Milagro, F.I., Tur, J.A., and Abete, I. (2021). Three Different Genetic Risk Scores Based on Fatty Liver Index, Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Lipidomic for a Nutrigenetic Personalized Management of NAFLD: The Fatty Liver in Obesity Study. Diagnostics, 11.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-333145\/v1"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1111\/hepr.13528","article-title":"Metabolomic\/lipidomic-based analysis of plasma to diagnose hepatocellular ballooning in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A multicenter study","volume":"50","author":"Ogawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hbpd.2021.05.008","article-title":"LC-MS-based lipidomic analysis in distinguishing patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis from nonalcoholic fatty liver","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Dis. Int."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jambulingam, N., Forlano, R., Preston, B., Mullish, B.H., Portone, G., Baheer, Y., Yee, M., Goldin, R.D., Thursz, M.R., and Manousou, P. (2023). Metabolic Profile Reflects Stages of Fibrosis in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043563"},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lovric, A., Gran\u00e9r, M., Bjornson, E., Arif, M., Benfeitas, R., Nyman, K., St\u00e5hlman, M., Pentik\u00e4inen, M.O., Lundbom, J., and Hakkarainen, A. (2018). Characterization of different fat depots in NAFLD using inflammation-associated proteome, lipidome and metabolome. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-31865-w"},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Preuss, C., Jelenik, T., B\u00f3dis, K., M\u00fcssig, K., Burkart, V., Szendroedi, J., Roden, M., and Markgraf, D.F. (2019). A New Targeted Lipidomics Approach Reveals Lipid Droplets in Liver, Muscle and Heart as a Repository for Diacylglycerol and Ceramide Species in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8030277"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2017.08.031","article-title":"Omega-3 PUFA modulate lipogenesis, ER stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction markers in NASH\u2014Proteomic and lipidomic insight","volume":"37","author":"Okada","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-018-0288-5","article-title":"Changes in lysophospholipids and liver status after weight loss: The RESMENA study","volume":"15","author":"Cantero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirabayashi, J. (2010). Chromatographic and Mass Spectrometric Techniques. Handbook of Glycomics, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-373600-0.00007-X"},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-019-0129-4","article-title":"Glycosylation in health and disease","volume":"15","author":"Reily","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_236","unstructured":"Varki, A., Kannagi, R., Toole, B., and Stanley, P. (2024, August 29). Glycosylation Changes in Cancer, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/2579340."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-4723","article-title":"Diagnostic management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A transformational period in the development of diagnostic and predictive tools\u2014A narrative review","volume":"9","author":"Rosso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1159\/000435839","article-title":"Association between Serum Sialic Acid Levels and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"67","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2018.02.005","article-title":"Unmasking Fucosylation: From Cell Adhesion to Immune System Regulation and Diseases","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehta, A., Herrera, H., and Block, T. (2015). GlycosylaTion and Liver Cancer, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2014.11.005"},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28002","article-title":"A novel noninvasive diagnostic method for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis using two glycobiomarkers","volume":"62","author":"Kamada","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Y., Fukuda, T., Hang, Q., Hou, S., Isaji, T., Kameyama, A., and Gu, J. (2017). Inhibition of fucosylation by 2-fluorofucose suppresses human liver cancer HepG2 cell proliferation and migration as well as tumor formation. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-11911-9"},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.02.034","article-title":"The exposome and liver disease\u2014How environmental factors affect liver health","volume":"79","author":"Barouki","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.103976","article-title":"Merging the exposome into an integrated framework for \u201comics\u201d sciences","volume":"25","author":"Price","year":"2022","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0034-2016","article-title":"The exposome concept: A challenge and a potential driver for environmental health research","volume":"25","author":"Siroux","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merra, G., Gualtieri, P., La Placa, G., Frank, G., Della Morte, D., De Lorenzo, A., and Di Renzo, L. (2024). The Relationship between Exposome and Microbiome. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12071386"},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.04.034","article-title":"Fibrosis Severity as a Determinant of Cause-Specific Mortality in Patients With Advanced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Multi-National Cohort Study","volume":"155","author":"Wong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106843","article-title":"Exposure to a mixture of legacy, alternative, and replacement per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) results in sex-dependent modulation of cholesterol metabolism and liver injury","volume":"157","author":"Roth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_249","first-page":"193","article-title":"Immunonutritional contribution of gut microbiota to fatty liver disease","volume":"37","author":"Laparra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vitorino, R. (2024). Transforming Clinical Research: The Power of High-Throughput Omics Integration. Proteomes, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/proteomes12030025"},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, H., Jung, E.-S., Chae, S.-W., Jung, S.-J., Daily, J.W., and Park, S. (2024). Biomarkers for Health Functional Foods in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disorder (MASLD) Prevention: An Integrative Analysis of Network Pharmacology, Gut Microbiota, and Multi-Omics. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16183061"},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1093\/bfgp\/elac017","article-title":"Multiomics technologies: Role in disease biomarker discoveries and therapeutics","volume":"22","author":"Dar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Briefings Funct. Genom."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/4\/1589\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:33:03Z","timestamp":1760027583000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/4\/1589"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]},"references-count":252,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26041589"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26041589","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]}}}