{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T16:21:18Z","timestamp":1791908478341,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"New National Excellence Program of the Ministry for Culture and Innovation","award":["\u00daNKP-19-4-SE-25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u00daNKP-19-4-SE-25"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Endometriosis, a benign, chronic gynecological disorder characterized by the presence of endometrial-like tissue outside the uterine cavity, affects 15% of women of reproductive age. Galectins, a family of beta-galactoside-binding proteins, regulate inflammation and autoimmunity and are widely expressed in reproductive tissues. This study aimed to assess Galectin-3 (Gal-3) levels in the serum of patients with endometriosis compared to asymptomatic controls and investigate serum Gal-3 level changes over a one-year follow-up period of patients with endometriosis. To determine the levels of soluble Gal-3 in the serum of women with endometriosis or gynecological tumors as well as healthy controls, a human Gal-3-specific ELISA was used. Our findings revealed significantly elevated serum Gal-3 levels in patients with endometriosis compared with healthy controls. Furthermore, Gal-3 concentrations were markedly higher in patients with malignant gynecological transformation of the endometrium than in patients with or without endometriosis. During the one-year follow-up, patients with endometriosis exhibited a progressive increase in serum Gal-3 levels. These findings highlight the potential of Gal-3 as a biomarker for endometriosis and related gynecological conditions. However, further prospective studies with larger, more representative patient cohorts are needed to validate its clinical value.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26041630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T04:48:51Z","timestamp":1739508531000},"page":"1630","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Alteration of Serum Gal-3 Levels in Endometrium-Related Reproductive Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Reka","family":"Brubel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, 1088 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8687-7430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beata","family":"Polgar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1208-2969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laszlo","family":"Szereday","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6554-2634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dora Bianka","family":"Balogh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, 1088 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tunde","family":"Toth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Szabolcs","family":"Mate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, 1088 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noemi","family":"Csibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, 1088 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0860-5050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noemi","family":"Dobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, 1088 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gernot","family":"Hudelist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology-Center of Endometriosis St. John of God, Hospital St. John of God, 1020 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Rudolfinerhaus Private Clinic and Campus, 1190 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1919-1869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nandor","family":"Acs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, 1088 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Attila","family":"Bokor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, 1088 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1810764","article-title":"Endometriosis","volume":"382","author":"Zondervan","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. 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