{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T18:35:00Z","timestamp":1791484500957,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Scientific Foundation of China","award":["32072996"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32072996"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Scientific Foundation of China","award":["U22A20536"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A20536"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Scientific Foundation of China","award":["AA23062046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AA23062046"]}]},{"name":"Guangxi Science and Technology Major Special Project","award":["32072996"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32072996"]}]},{"name":"Guangxi Science and Technology Major Special Project","award":["U22A20536"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A20536"]}]},{"name":"Guangxi Science and Technology Major Special Project","award":["AA23062046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AA23062046"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nitrite is a significant toxic substance that causes acute toxicity in aquatic animals. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying nitrite tolerance remain largely unidentified. Here, we investigated the physiological and transcriptomic profiles of nitrite-sensitive and nitrite-tolerant families of the white shrimp Penaeus vannamei under nitrite stress. Exposure to a lethal concentration of nitrite for 72 h caused higher mortality, higher nitrite accumulation, and more severe physiological damage in both the hemolymph and hepatopancreas of nitrite-sensitive families than in nitrite-tolerant families. This damage manifested as hepatic tubular deformation, hepatocyte necrosis, decreased hemocyte counts, lowered phagocytic activity in hemocytes, elevated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and decreased AKP enzyme activity. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis revealed an upregulation in protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in the nitrite-tolerant families, triggering apoptosis- and autophagy-related pathways in the hemocytes and hepatopancreas upon nitrite exposure. Additionally, TUNEL staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) experiments revealed that the tolerant families may mitigate nitrite toxicity by modulating autophagy and apoptosis. Collectively, our results provide a valuable foundation for exploring the molecular mechanisms underlying nitrite tolerance in shrimp, which could facilitate the targeted breeding of shrimp germplasm with enhanced nitrite tolerance in aquaculture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26041641","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T11:14:41Z","timestamp":1739531681000},"page":"1641","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Shrimp Shapes a Nitrite Tolerance Trait via Regulating Autophagy and Apoptosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Liping","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhentao","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingyun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Nanning 530021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiangyong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Nanning 530021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Nanning 530021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunling","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Nanning 530021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Nanning 530021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiancong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Nanning 530021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuliu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Nanning 530021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihong","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aiguo","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuli","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Nanning 530021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yueling","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1485-0407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xianliang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongzhen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Nanning 530021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0981(01)00222-2","article-title":"Metabolism and growth of juveniles of Litopenaeus vannamei: Effect of salinity and dietary carbohydrate levels","volume":"259","author":"Rosas","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. 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