{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T13:12:06Z","timestamp":1787317926431,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]],"date-time":"2025-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Centre","award":["UMO-2012\/07\/B\/NZ6\/03524"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMO-2012\/07\/B\/NZ6\/03524"]}]},{"name":"National Science Centre","award":["UMO-2018\/29\/B\/NZ2\/01930"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMO-2018\/29\/B\/NZ2\/01930"]}]},{"name":"National Science Centre","award":["BNW-2-056\/N\/4\/O"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BNW-2-056\/N\/4\/O"]}]},{"name":"National Science Centre","award":["BNW-2-095\/N\/3\/O"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BNW-2-095\/N\/3\/O"]}]},{"name":"National Science Centre","award":["PCN-1-232\/N\/2\/O"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCN-1-232\/N\/2\/O"]}]},{"name":"Medical University of Silesia in Katowice","award":["UMO-2012\/07\/B\/NZ6\/03524"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMO-2012\/07\/B\/NZ6\/03524"]}]},{"name":"Medical University of Silesia in Katowice","award":["UMO-2018\/29\/B\/NZ2\/01930"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMO-2018\/29\/B\/NZ2\/01930"]}]},{"name":"Medical University of Silesia in Katowice","award":["BNW-2-056\/N\/4\/O"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BNW-2-056\/N\/4\/O"]}]},{"name":"Medical University of Silesia in Katowice","award":["BNW-2-095\/N\/3\/O"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BNW-2-095\/N\/3\/O"]}]},{"name":"Medical University of Silesia in Katowice","award":["PCN-1-232\/N\/2\/O"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCN-1-232\/N\/2\/O"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Periodontitis (PD), an oral inflammatory disease, is primarily caused by P. gingivalis. Peptidylarginine deiminase (PPAD) is considered an attractive virulence factor because, due to protein citrullination, it may have deleterious effects on host tissues. In this study, the ppad gene sequences from P. gingivalis were analyzed in the context of its impact on bacterial virulence and potential targets for PD therapy. Analyses of ppad sequences from 58 patients with various clinical stages of PD, 20 controls, and 60 sequences from public databases were conducted. Overall, 55 substitutions assigned as polymorphic variants (4), missense mutations (10), or synonymous variants (35) were identified in PD, and 22 synonymous variants were identified in controls. Among them, the G231N, E232T, N235D variant was found in ~25% of P. gingivalis strains from PD samples. It was located close to the catalytic triad and had two-fold higher activity in comparison with reference P. gingivalis, upregulated expression of key inflammatory mediators, and contributed to worsening periodontium conditions in advanced PD, suggesting their unambiguous impact on P. gingivalis virulence. Our results indicate the G231N, E232T, N235D variant of the ppad gene as a potential candidate, opening a path to searching for novel targets for supportive therapy of PD. Further validation of the identified mutations is needed in future studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26041662","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]],"date-time":"2025-02-17T03:41:47Z","timestamp":1739763707000},"page":"1662","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Polymorphic Variants of Peptidylarginine Deiminase Gene from P. gingivalis\u2014Searching for Targets for Supportive Therapy of Periodontitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3393-1413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Strzelec","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agata","family":"Dziedzic-Kowalska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4512-718X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Sieron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2925-7796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz P.","family":"Bereta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6934-8780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina L.","family":"Stepien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8885-0855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klara","family":"Ferenc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"\u0141azarz-Bartyzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Preventive Dentistry and Oral Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 31-155 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9023-0824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iwona","family":"Olszewska-Czy\u017c","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Preventive Dentistry and Oral Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 31-155 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iwona","family":"R\u0105palska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Surgery, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 31-155 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7343-4702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Aptekorz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3024-9926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Kaczmarzyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Surgery, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 31-155 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7444-1373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Cze\u015bnikiewicz-Guzik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Preventive Dentistry and Oral Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 31-155 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3430-6270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Gawron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-021-00136-2","article-title":"Porphyromonas gingivalis exacerbates ulcerative colitis via Porphyromonas gingivalis peptidylarginine deiminase","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. 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