{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T11:41:20Z","timestamp":1765280480599,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,16]],"date-time":"2025-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Des Moines University","award":["IOER 112-3119"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IOER 112-3119"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Asthma has long been associated with increased susceptibility to viral respiratory infections, leading to significant exacerbations and poorer clinical outcomes. Contrarily and interestingly, emerging data and research surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic have shown that patients with asthma infected with SARS-CoV-2 experienced decreased severity of disease, lower hospitalization rates, as well as decreased morbidity and mortality. Research has shown that eosinophils could enhance immune defense against viral infections, while inhaled corticosteroids can assist in controlling systematic inflammation. Moreover, reduced ACE-2 expression in individuals with asthma may restrict viral entry, and the Th2 immune response may offset the Th1 response typically observed in severe COVID-19 patients. These factors may help explain the favorable outcomes seen in asthmatic patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. This review highlights potential protective mechanisms seen in asthmatic patients, including eosinophilia, the use of inhaled corticosteroids, reduced ACE-2 expression, and a dominate Th2 immune response. Such a study will be helpful to better manage patients with asthma who have contracted COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26041678","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]],"date-time":"2025-02-17T03:41:47Z","timestamp":1739763707000},"page":"1678","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Exploring Asthma as a Protective Factor in COVID-19 Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3668-4566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony E.","family":"Quinn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines University, West Des Moines, IA 50266, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Respiratory Medicine, the 2nd People\u2019s Hospital of Hefei and Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1443-1512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott D.","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines University, West Des Moines, IA 50266, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad H.","family":"Huq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines University, West Des Moines, IA 50266, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yujiang","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines University, West Des Moines, IA 50266, USA"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA"},{"name":"Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-042220-015902","article-title":"The Pathology of Asthma: What Is Obstructing Our View?","volume":"18","author":"Aegerter","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu. 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