{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T21:00:43Z","timestamp":1785186043471,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]],"date-time":"2025-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739750400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)","award":["JP23K17473"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23K17473"]}]},{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)","award":["JP24H00794"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP24H00794"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nose-to-brain (N2B) drug delivery is a promising technique for the treatment of brain diseases. It allows a drug to enter the brain without passing through the blood\u2013brain barrier. However, the nasal cavity and nasal mucosa can restrict the amount of drug absorbed. Recent studies of non-thermal plasma (NTP) have shown improvement in in vitro drug delivery to cells and tissues. However, whether NTP treatments can enhance the in vivo delivery of drugs for neurodegenerative disease like Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) into the brain via the N2B technique remains unclear. The drug used in this study was galantamine hydrobromide. Galantamine is used to treat patients with mild to moderate AD. Based on the principle of NTP, a type of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma, which we called spiral DBD microplasma, was designed. It was inserted into the nose of a rat to a depth of 2 mm. The spiral DBD microplasma was driven by a sinusoidal voltage for 4 min, followed by the immediate administration of galantamine. The effect of the microplasma treatment on the distribution of galantamine in the brain was evaluated using matrix-assisted laser desorption\/ionization-imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS). The results showed a high distribution of galantamine in the left and right brain hemispheres of the rat treated with plasma discharge compared to a control treated without plasma discharge. The spiral DBD microplasma is a novel contribution to DBD plasma designs. In addition, this technique for drug delivery has also created a novel approach with potential for becoming a non-invasive method of enhancing drug distribution in the brain for the treatment of neurological disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26041710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]],"date-time":"2025-02-17T07:48:22Z","timestamp":1739778502000},"page":"1710","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Enhancing Galantamine Distribution in Rat Brain Using Microplasma-Assisted Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4635-1661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abubakar Hamza","family":"Sadiq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Johoku, Chuo-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7612-5776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Jahangir","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Medical Photonics, Shizuoka University, Johoku, Chuo-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1654-7536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farhana","family":"Begum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Medical Photonics, Shizuoka University, Johoku, Chuo-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8183-3888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahedi","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Johoku, Chuo-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaroslav","family":"Kristof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organization for Innovation and Social Collaboration, Shizuoka University, Johoku, Chuo-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9274-3386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Al","family":"Mamun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Handayama, Chuo-ku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md.","family":"Maniruzzaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Handayama, Chuo-ku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3789-2447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kosuke","family":"Shimizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanotheranostics Laboratory, Division of Innovative Diagnostic and Therapeutic Research, Institute of Photonics Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Handayama, Chuo-ku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0763-1564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takanori","family":"Kanazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Tokushima University, Shoumachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2205-5665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomoaki","family":"Kahyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Handayama, Chuo-ku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1302-6467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mitsutoshi","family":"Setou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Handayama, Chuo-ku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9914-671X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuo","family":"Shimizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Johoku, Chuo-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Medical Photonics, Shizuoka University, Johoku, Chuo-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan"},{"name":"Organization for Innovation and Social Collaboration, Shizuoka University, Johoku, Chuo-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayeni, E.A., Aldossary, A.M., Ayejoto, D.A., Gbadegesin, L.A., Alshehri, A.A., Alfassam, H.A., Afewerky, H.K., Almughem, F.A., Bello, M.S., and Tawfik, E.A. (2022). Neurodegenerative Diseases: Implications of Environmental and Climatic Influences on Neurotransmitters and Neuronal Hormones Activities. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191912495"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3391","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2016.4948","article-title":"Role of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases (Review)","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2020). Overcoming gaps in the treatment of neurodegenerative disease. EBioMedicine, 60."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-012-0915-1","article-title":"Intranasal treatment of central nervous system dysfunction in humans","volume":"30","author":"Chapman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riederer, P., Laux, G., Nagatsu, T., Le, W., and Riederer, C. (2021). Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (Galantamine, Rivastigmine, and Donepezil). NeuroPsychopharmacotherapy, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-56015-1"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145704004444","article-title":"Evidence based pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Evans","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200241100-00003","article-title":"Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cholinesterase inhibitors","volume":"41","author":"Jann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200060050-00008","article-title":"Galantamine: A review of its use in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"60","author":"Scott","year":"2000","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.9.10.2393","article-title":"2000. Review of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor galanthamine","volume":"9","author":"Sramek","year":"2000","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"e58485","article-title":"Novel Methods for Intranasal Administration Under Inhalation Anesthesia to Evaluate Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery","volume":"141","author":"Kanazawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2014.06.053","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of drug delivery to the brain via nasal route","volume":"189","author":"Kozlovskaya","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1248\/yakushi.17-00179","article-title":"Development of non-invasive drug delivery system to the brain for brain diseases therapy","volume":"138","author":"Kanazawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Yakugaku-Zasshi"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-020-00891-5","article-title":"Intranasal drug delivery: Opportunities and toxicologic challenges during drug development","volume":"12","author":"Keller","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patharapankal, E.J., Ajiboye, A.L., Mattern, C., and Trivedi, V. (2023). Nose-to-Brain (N2B) Delivery: An Alternative Route for the Delivery of Biologics in the Management and Treatment of Central Nervous System Disorders. Pharmaceutics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16010066"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"439","article-title":"Non-Invasive Strategies for Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery","volume":"10","author":"Trevino","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Trials."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/27.7.623","article-title":"Biopsies of human olfactory epithelium","volume":"27","author":"Jafek","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chem. Senses"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marcello, E., and Chiono, V. (2023). Biomaterials-Enhanced Intranasal Delivery of Drugs as a Direct Route for Brain Targeting. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043390"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(97)00059-8","article-title":"Nasal mucociliary clearance as a factor in nasal drug delivery","volume":"29","author":"Marttin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1109\/27.533129","article-title":"Sterilization of contaminated matter with an atmospheric pressure plasma","volume":"24","author":"Laroussi","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Plasma. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"014031","DOI":"10.1088\/0741-3335\/59\/1\/014031","article-title":"Plasma medicine-current state of research and medical application","volume":"59","author":"Weltmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115012","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/11\/11\/115012","article-title":"Plasma medicine: An introductory review","volume":"11","author":"Kong","year":"2009","journal-title":"New J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11PJ01","DOI":"10.1143\/JJAP.51.11PJ01","article-title":"Atmospheric Microplasma Application for Surface Modification of Biomaterials","volume":"51","author":"Shimizu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e25515","article-title":"Research progress of metal biomaterials with potential applications as cardiovascular stents and their surface treatment methods to improve biocompatibility","volume":"10","author":"Xuejia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-020-01886-2","article-title":"Controlling stem cell fate using cold atmospheric plasma","volume":"11","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"001","article-title":"Study of Sterilization and Disinfection in Room Air by Using Atmospheric Microplasma","volume":"S1","author":"Shimizu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharm. Anal. Acta"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jordanne-Amee, M., Laura, A.M., Brendan, F.G., and Thomas, P.T. (2024). Cold plasma for enhanced water purification. Sustain. Microbiol., 1.","DOI":"10.1093\/sumbio\/qvae032"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yahaya, A.G., Okuyama, T., Kristof, J., Blajan, M.G., and Shimizu, K. (2021). Direct and Indirect Bactericidal Effects of Cold Atmospheric-Pressure Microplasma and Plasma Jet. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26092523"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sakudo, A., Yagyu, Y., and Onodera, T. (2019). Disinfection and Sterilization Using Plasma Technology: Fundamentals and Future Perspectives for Biological Applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2020.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20205216"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"100103","article-title":"Breast cancer treatment using cold atmospheric plasma generated by the FE-DBD scheme","volume":"19\u201320","author":"Ban","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Plasma Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1615\/PlasmaMed.v12.i4.20","article-title":"Absorption of FD-150 into Intestinal Cells by Microplasma","volume":"12","author":"Kristof","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plasma Med."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Ono, Y., and Kondoh, J. (2024). Spiral Wire Microplasma Inducing Growth and Viability of Nasal Cell. Recent Advances in Technology Research and Education. Inter-Academia 2023, Springer. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rimi, S.A., Jahangir, A.M., Kristof, J., Sadiq, A.H., Hasan, M., Mamun, M.A., Setou, M., and Shimizu, K. (2024). Lipidomics of cells irradiated by optimized microplasma irradiation conditions for high-molecule drug absorption. Appl. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/app14103978"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.3390\/macromol4030036","article-title":"In Vitro Drug Delivery through the Blood\u2013Brain Barrier Using Cold Atmospheric Plasma","volume":"4","author":"Jahangir","year":"2024","journal-title":"Macromol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpme.2017.10.001","article-title":"Platelets are key in cold physical plasma-facilitated blood coagulation in mice","volume":"7\u20138","author":"Bekeschus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Plasma Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bolgeo, T., Maconi, A., Gardalini, M., Gatti, D., Di Matteo, R., Lapidari, M., Longhitano, Y., Savioli, G., Piccioni, A., and Zanza, C. (2023). The Role of Cold Atmospheric Plasma in Wound Healing Processes in Critically Ill Patients. J. Pers. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13050736"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shimizu, K., Hayashida, K., and Blajan, M. (2015). Novel method to improve transdermal drug delivery by atmospheric microplasma irradiation. Biointerphases, 10.","DOI":"10.1116\/1.4919708"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhai, S.Y., Kong, M.G., and Xia, Y.M. (2022). Cold Atmospheric Plasma Ameliorates Skin Diseases Involving Reactive Oxygen\/Nitrogen Species-Mediated Functions. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.868386"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-024-02088-9","article-title":"Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP): A revolutionary approach in dermatology and skincare","volume":"29","author":"Khalaf","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.133458","article-title":"Inactivation mechanism of cold plasma combined with 222 nm ultraviolet for spike protein and its application in disinfecting of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"465","author":"Sheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1615\/PlasmaMed.2016015688","article-title":"Biological Effects and Enhancement of Percutaneous Absorption on Skin by Atmospheric Microplasma Irradiation","volume":"5","author":"Shimizu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plasma Med."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Nikiforov, A., and Chen, Z. (2018). Application of Dielectric Barrier Discharge Microplasma, Atmospheric Pressure Plasma, Intech OpenAccess Publisher."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tutar, Y., and Tutar, L. (2018). Microplasma Drug Delivery. Plasma Medicine\u2014Concepts and Clinical Applications, InTechOpen Publisher.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.68652"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2018.10.015","article-title":"Drug targeting strategies into the brain for treating neurological diseases","volume":"311","author":"Barnabas","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3401","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.3c00167","article-title":"A Guide to MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry for Tissues","volume":"22","author":"Jessica","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1021\/jasms.3c00149","article-title":"Detection of Distinct Distributions of Acetaminophen and Acetaminophen-Cysteine in Kidneys up to 10 \u03bcm Resolution and Identification of a Novel Acetaminophen Metabolite Using an AP-MALDI Imaging Mass Microscope","volume":"34","author":"Mamun","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1080\/14789450.2020.1880897","article-title":"Mass spectrometry-based phospholipid imaging: Methods and findings","volume":"17","author":"Mamun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Islam, A., Sakamoto, T., Zhai, Q., Rahman, M.M., Mamun, M.A., Takahashi, Y., Kahyo, T., and Setou, M. (2022). Application of AP-MALDI Imaging Mass Microscope for the Rapid Mapping of Imipramine, Chloroquine, and Their Metabolites in the Kidney and Brain of Wild-Type Mice. Pharmaceuticals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15111314"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahman, M.F., Islam, A., Islam, M.M., Mamun, M.A., Xu, L., Sakamoto, T., Sato, T., Takahashi, Y., Kahyo, T., and Aoyagi, S. (2024). Mass Spectrometry Imaging Combined with Sparse Autoencoder Method Reveals Altered Phosphorylcholine Distribution in Imipramine Treated Wild-Type Mice Brains. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25147969"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"01AC03","DOI":"10.7567\/JJAP.56.01AC03","article-title":"Basic study of fine particle removal using microplasma and its electrostatic effect","volume":"56","author":"Shimizu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Jpn. J. App. Phys."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1007\/s00348-014-1846-x","article-title":"Electrical and Mechanical Characteristics of Surface AC Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma Actuators Applied to Airflow Control","volume":"55","author":"Benard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpme.2016.05.001","article-title":"The application of cold atmospheric plasma in medicine: The potential role of nitric oxide in plasma-induced effects","volume":"4","author":"Christoph","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Plasma Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chauvin, J., Jud\u00e9e, F., Yousfi, M., Vicendo, P., and Merbahi, N. (2017). Analysis of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species generated in three liquid media by low temperature helium plasma jet. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-04650-4"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2016.01.009","article-title":"The role of nitric oxide in neurovascular coupling","volume":"394","author":"Dormanns","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2004.03.021","article-title":"Role of nitric oxide in the regulation of neuronal proliferation, survival and differentiation","volume":"45","author":"Contestabile","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"07LG01","DOI":"10.7567\/JJAP.55.07LG01","article-title":"Effect of microplasma irradiation on skin barrier function","volume":"55","author":"Shimizu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1007\/s11090-021-10172-9","article-title":"Cold Atmospheric Plasma Elicits Neuroprotection Against Glutamate Excitotoxicity by Activating Cellular Antioxidant Defense","volume":"41","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plasma Chem. Plasma Process."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebr.2022.100581","article-title":"The nose has it: Opportunities and challenges for intranasal drug administration for neurologic conditions including seizure clusters","volume":"21","author":"Chung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav. Rep."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-7406.120079","article-title":"Determination of galantamine hydrobromide in bulk drug and pharmaceutical dosage form by spectrofluorimetry","volume":"5","author":"Patel","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2428","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2024.0173","article-title":"Evaluating the Efficacy of Chronic Galantamine on Sustained Attention and Cholinergic Neurotransmission in A Pre-Clinical Model of Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"41","author":"Moschonas","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s40005-020-00482-z","article-title":"Factors influencing drug deposition in the nasal cavity upon delivery via nasal sprays","volume":"50","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Investig."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mex.2023.102516","article-title":"Rodent brain extraction and dissection: A comprehensive approach","volume":"12","author":"Aboghazleh","year":"2024","journal-title":"MethodsX"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/4\/1710\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:36:14Z","timestamp":1760027774000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/4\/1710"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26041710"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26041710","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]]}}}