{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T18:41:28Z","timestamp":1783104088495,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]],"date-time":"2025-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739750400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["32273072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32273072"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The role of gut microbiota has become a research hotspot in recent years; however, whether the gut microbiota are involved in the alleviation or exacerbation of Deoxynivalenol (DON) toxicity has not been fully studied. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate whether the gut microbiota are involved in reducing or aggravating the intestinal damage induced by DON in mice. Mice that received or did not receive antibiotic-induced intestinal flora clearance were orally given DON (5 mg kg\/bw\/day) for 14 days. At the end of the experiment, serum, intestinal tissue samples and colon contents were collected for further analysis. DON caused development of severe histopathological damage, such as necrosis and inflammation of the jejunum and colon in mice without gut microbiota clearance. The levels of tight junction proteins ZO-1 and occludin were reduced in the jejunum and colon of mice without gut microbiota clearance. In addition, the mRNA and protein levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, and TNF-\u03b1) were increased in mice without gut microbiota clearance. The presence of microbiota exacerbate the intestinal damage induced by DON via changes in gut microbiota abundance and production of gut damaging metabolites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26041712","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]],"date-time":"2025-02-17T07:48:22Z","timestamp":1739778502000},"page":"1712","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Microbial Guardians or Foes? Metagenomics Reveal Association of Gut Microbiota in Intestinal Toxicity Caused by DON in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Yujing","family":"Cui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultual University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoyue","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultual University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4820-8620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel Kumi","family":"Okyere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultual University, Chengdu 611130, China"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zixuan","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultual University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youtian","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultual University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huidan","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultual University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihua","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"},{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou 450046, China"},{"name":"International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junliang","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultual University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-023-03374-w","article-title":"Gut microbiota, intestinal permeability, and systemic inflammation: A narrative review","volume":"19","author":"Petito","year":"2024","journal-title":"Intern. 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