{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:04:45Z","timestamp":1777503885278,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007449","name":"Takeda Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["90015300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["90015300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007449","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), commonly known as \u201cLong COVID\u201d, represents a significant clinical challenge characterized by persistent symptoms following acute COVID-19 infection. We conducted a comprehensive retrospective cohort study to identify serum autoantibody biomarkers associated with PASC. Initial screening using a protein bead array comprising approximately 20,000 human proteins identified several candidate PASC-associated autoantibodies. Subsequent validation by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in an expanded cohort\u2014consisting of PASC patients, non-PASC COVID-19 convalescents, and pre-pandemic healthy controls\u2014revealed two promising biomarkers: autoantibodies targeting PITX2 and FBXO2. PITX2 autoantibodies demonstrated high accuracy in distinguishing PASC patients from both non-PASC convalescents (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.891) and healthy controls (AUC = 0.866), while FBXO2 autoantibodies showed moderate accuracy (AUC = 0.762 and 0.786, respectively). Notably, the levels of these autoantibodies were associated with several PASC symptoms, including fever, dyspnea, palpitations, loss of appetite, and brain fog. The identification of PITX2 and FBXO2 autoantibodies as biomarkers not only enhances our understanding of PASC pathophysiology but also provides promising candidates for further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26041751","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T03:29:53Z","timestamp":1739935793000},"page":"1751","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Identification of Putative Serum Autoantibodies Associated with Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 via Comprehensive Protein Array Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Yasuyoshi","family":"Hatayama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama 208-0011, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kei","family":"Miyakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan"},{"name":"Research Center for Influenza and Respiratory Viruses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama 208-0011, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yayoi","family":"Kimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazuo","family":"Horikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kouichi","family":"Hirahata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hirahata Clinic, Tokyo 150-0002, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hirokazu","family":"Kimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science, Gunma Paz University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Takasaki 370-0006, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7853-5721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hideaki","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection Prevention and Control Department, Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Atsushi","family":"Goto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akihide","family":"Ryo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama 208-0011, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m3489","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m3489","article-title":"Long COVID: How to Define It and How to Manage It","volume":"370","author":"Nabavi","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01283-z","article-title":"Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Nalbandian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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