{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T21:20:28Z","timestamp":1791840028012,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cerebral ischemia is a pathological condition characterized by complete blood and oxygen supply deprivation to neuronal tissue. The ischemic brain compensates for the rapid decline in ATP levels by increasing the anaerobic glycolysis rate, which leads to lactate accumulation and subsequent acidosis. Astrocytes play a critical role in regulating cerebral energy metabolism. Mitochondria are significant targets in hypoxia-ischemia injury, and disruptions in mitochondrial homeostasis and cellular energetics worsen outcomes, especially in the elderly. Elevated levels of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) protect the adult and neonatal brain from ischemic damage by suppressing inflammation, countering oxidative stress, supporting neurovascular unit reconstruction, and promoting oligodendrogenesis. This study examines extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) treatment on TNC WT and TNC M23 cells, focusing on oxygen consumption and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. This study investigates the effects of different durations of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) and EVOO administration on cerebral infarct volume, neurological scores, mitochondrial function, and cell viability. Cerebral infarct volume increased with longer ischemia times, while EVOO treatment (0.5 mg\/kg\/day) significantly reduced infarction across all MCAo durations. The oxygen consumption assays demonstrate EVOO\u2019s dose-dependent stimulation of mitochondrial respiration in astrocytes, particularly at lower concentrations. Furthermore, EVOO-treated cells reduce ROS production during hypoxia, improve cell viability under ischemic stress, and enhance ATP production in ischemic conditions, underscoring EVOO\u2019s neuroprotective potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26041771","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T08:36:46Z","timestamp":1739954206000},"page":"1771","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Bioactivity and Neuroprotective Effects of Extra Virgin Olive Oil in a Mouse Model of Cerebral Ischemia: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2717-2489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore","family":"Scacco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience-DiBraiN, School of Medicine, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Acquaviva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience-DiBraiN, School of Medicine, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F\u00e1bio","family":"Fran\u00e7a Vieira e Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via De Crecchio, 7, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John H.","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4633-4893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Lo Muzio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4720-1320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaetano","family":"Corso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5080-5921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vito Carlo Alberto","family":"Caponio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0588-2092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierluigi","family":"Reveglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Lecce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6722-6499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Eleonora","family":"Bizzoca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prativa","family":"Sherchan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9521-2521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Cantore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via De Crecchio, 7, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8758-1415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Ballini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pluta, R. 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