{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T17:59:55Z","timestamp":1761674395892,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A detailed characterization of the mechanism of action of garlic extract (GE) on prostate cancer (PCa) cells is essential to ensure its safe use as a complementary therapy, particularly when combined with established treatments. A case report highlighted the potential benefits of GE in PCa management. A patient diagnosed with PCa, presenting an initial prostate-specific antigen (PSA) of 11.8 ng\/mL, maintained PSA levels between 3.5 and 6 ng\/mL for over 14 years with daily GE intake. To study GE\u2019s anti-proliferative effects and interactions with established therapeutics, healthy prostate epithelial cells (PNT2) and PCa cells (LNCaP, PC3, VCaP) were treated with GE. Proliferation, Integrin \u03b21 pattern, DNA-damage, as well as androgen receptor (AR) and Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) expression were investigated. GE reduced the proliferation of LNCaP and PC3 cells compared to healthy PNT2 cells but had contrary effects on VCaP cells. The combination of GE with standard therapies, including chemotherapy, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), and Poly-(ADP-ribose)-Polymerase inhibitors (PARPi), reduced the efficacy of these treatments in tumor cells, potentially due to the GE-induced upregulation of the metabolic enzyme CYP2C9 in PCa cell lines. These findings indicate that while GE has anti-proliferative effects, the use of highly concentrated natural extracts must be carefully assessed by expert physicians on a case-by-case basis, especially when combined with established therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26041777","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T09:36:22Z","timestamp":1739957782000},"page":"1777","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Mechanism of Action and Interaction of Garlic Extract and Established Therapeutics in Prostate Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Marco","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Sauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Book","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas Frank","family":"Ermler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8051-329X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sven","family":"Gerlach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kareem","family":"Beltagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology and Pediatric 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