{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T16:51:00Z","timestamp":1792601460544,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities","award":["BK20224144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20224144"]}]},{"name":"Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities","award":["MC126\/2564"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC126\/2564"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010731","name":"Faculty of Medicine Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20224144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20224144"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010731","name":"Faculty of Medicine Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MC126\/2564"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC126\/2564"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Chiang Mai University","award":["BK20224144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20224144"]}]},{"name":"Chiang Mai University","award":["MC126\/2564"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC126\/2564"]}]},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University","award":["BK20224144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20224144"]}]},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University","award":["MC126\/2564"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC126\/2564"]}]},{"name":"CMU Presidential Scholarship, Chiang Mai University","award":["BK20224144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20224144"]}]},{"name":"CMU Presidential Scholarship, Chiang Mai University","award":["MC126\/2564"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC126\/2564"]}]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University","award":["BK20224144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20224144"]}]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University","award":["MC126\/2564"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC126\/2564"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-typhoidal salmonellosis (NTS) caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella enterica is a significant public health concern worldwide. Probiotics offer a potential alternative to antibiotics in many infectious diseases, including NTS. However, using living bacteria raises safety concerns in clinical settings, especially in the immunocompromised host. This study compared the anti-Salmonella and immunomodulatory effects between viable (probiotics) and heat-killed (paraprobiotics) lactic acid bacteria Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KUNN19-2 (KUNN19-2), isolated from Thai-style fermented pork (Nham), against several strains of MDR Salmonella. Only viable KUNN19-2 and its cell-free supernatant directly inhibited Salmonella growth by spot-on lawn and agar well diffusion assays. A significant reduction in Salmonella numbers in the co-culture assay with viable KUNN19-2 was observed at 12\u201314 h after the incubation. Viable and heat-killed KUNN19-2 exhibited moderate adhesion to human colonic epithelium (T84) cells. Pretreatment with either form of KUNN19-2 enhanced macrophage (RAW264.7) phagocytic activity against Salmonella and upregulated pro-inflammatory genes (Mip-2 and Nos2) and anti-inflammatory gene (IL10) expression, with viable KUNN19-2 showing a more potent effect. Collectively, viable KUNN19-2 can directly inhibit Salmonella growth. However, viable and heat-killed KUNN19-2 can modulate gut immunity against Salmonella infection, suggesting that paraprobiotic KUNN19-2 may serve as an alternative treatment against MDR Salmonella through host immune modulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26051821","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T11:03:37Z","timestamp":1740049417000},"page":"1821","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Probiotic, Paraprobiotic, and Postbiotic Activities of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KUNN19-2 Against Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Serovars"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4510-3734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Songbo","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Transformation of Tumor Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3065-207X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arishabhas","family":"Tantibhadrasapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6749-7694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Songphon","family":"Buddhasiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"},{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pattarapon","family":"Boonpan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chutikarn","family":"Sukjoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panupon","family":"Mongkolkarvin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1277-9299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massalin","family":"Nakphaichit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"},{"name":"Specialized Research Unit: Probiotics and Prebiotics for Health, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunee","family":"Nitisinprasert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"},{"name":"Specialized Research Unit: Probiotics and Prebiotics for Health, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6339-8744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parameth","family":"Thiennimitr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Multidisciplinary Technology for Advanced Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S., Kang, H., Excler, J.L., Kim, J.H., and Lee, J.S. 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