{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T17:26:14Z","timestamp":1784395574986,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Czech Research Health Council","award":["NU20-04-00450"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NU20-04-00450"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system. The manifestation of MS is related to steroid changes during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. As data focusing on the effect of anti-MS drug treatment on steroidome are scarce, we evaluated steroidomic changes (79 steroids) in 61 female MS patients of reproductive age 39 (29, 47) years (median with quartiles) after treatment with anti-MS drugs on the GC-MS\/MS platform and immunoassays (cortisol and estradiol). The changes were assessed using steroid levels and steroid molar ratios (SMRs) that may reflect the activities of steroidogenic enzymes (SMRs). A repeated measures ANOVA, followed by multiple comparisons and OPLS models, were used for statistical analyses. The anti-MS treatment decreased steroid levels in the follicular phase. Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies (mAb), such as ofatumumab and ocrelizumab; inhibitors of the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor (S1PRI); and IFN\u03b2-1a decreased circulating 17-hydroxy-pregnanes and shifted the CYP17A1 functioning from the hydroxylase- toward the lyase step. Decreased conjugated\/unconjugated steroid ratios were found after treatment with anti-MS drugs, especially for glatiramer acetate and anti-CD20 mAb. In the luteal phase, IFN-\u03b21a treatment increased steroidogenesis; both IFN-\u03b21a and ocrelizumab increased AKR1D1, and S1PRI increased SRD5A functioning. Anti-CD20 mAb reduced the functioning of enzymes catalyzing the synthesis of immunomodulatory 7\u03b1\/\u03b2 and 16\u03b1-hydroxy-androgens, which may affect the severity of MS. The above findings may be important concerning the alterations in bioactive steroids, such as cortisol; active androgens and estrogens; and neuroactive, neuroprotective, and immunomodulatory steroids in terms of optimization of anti-MS treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26051835","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T03:47:46Z","timestamp":1740109666000},"page":"1835","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of Treatment on Steroidome in Women with Multiple Sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1705-0835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Hill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Endocrinology, 110 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radmila","family":"Kancheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Endocrinology, 110 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Vel\u00edkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Endocrinology, 110 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludmila","family":"Kan\u010deva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Endocrinology, 110 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6546-0580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josef","family":"V\u010del\u00e1k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Endocrinology, 110 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radek","family":"Ampapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MS Center, Jihlava Hospital, 586 01 Jihlava, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"\u017did\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology 3FM CU and UHKV, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 100 34 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2699-1124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivana","family":"\u0160t\u011btk\u00e1\u0159ov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology 3FM CU and UHKV, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 100 34 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Libert\u00ednov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MS Center, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michala","family":"Vos\u00e1tkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Endocrinology, 110 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0805-7602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jana","family":"V\u00edtk\u016f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Endocrinology, 110 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8206-4598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucie","family":"Kol\u00e1torov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Endocrinology, 110 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1938-6946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tereza","family":"\u0160kodov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Endocrinology, 110 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9543-4359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Kubala Havrdov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 21 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13004","article-title":"Impact of sex hormones on immune function and multiple sclerosis development","volume":"156","author":"Ysrraelit","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sparaco, M., and Bonavita, S. 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