{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T21:47:46Z","timestamp":1792100866755,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiovascular involvement in patients with human immune deficiency (HIV) has gained significant attention as the improved life expectancy of individuals with HIV has changed the paradigm regarding the long-term impact of the virus on cardiovascular health. We reviewed current literature on the prevalence, diagnosis, and unique characteristics of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in HIV patients, including those treated with protease inhibitors (PIs) and complementary therapies. The incidence of infectious, immunosuppressive, and nutritionally related pathologies in HIV patients has declined, largely due to advancements in highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) and supportive care. However, issues related to autoimmunity and chronic inflammation persist. Elevated levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, along with activated cytokines and other pro-inflammatory molecules, are common in HIV patients and contribute significantly to the increased risk for endothelial dysfunction, coagulation disorders, and accelerated atherogenesis. The advent of HAART has significantly improved the prognosis for HIV patients, leading to prolonged life expectancy and a reduction in AIDS-related complications. However, this success has also resulted in a shift in the clinical presentation, with HIV patients showing more chronic and insidious cardiovascular manifestations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26051837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T03:47:46Z","timestamp":1740109666000},"page":"1837","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Cardiovascular Disease in HIV Patients: A Comprehensive Review of Current Knowledge and Clinical Implications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Sorina","family":"\u0218oldea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5579-685X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Iov\u0103nescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihaela","family":"Berceanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oana","family":"Mirea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Raicea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"Bezn\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandru","family":"Roc\u0219oreanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6338-2657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ionu\u021b","family":"Donoiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.10.004","article-title":"HIV and aging","volume":"53","author":"Wing","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. 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