{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T15:55:17Z","timestamp":1792684517247,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Wroclaw Medical University","award":["SUBZ.B040.25.022."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUBZ.B040.25.022."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fatty degenerative osteonecrosis of the jaw (FDOJ) is a chronic, aseptic inflammatory condition that is characterized by molecular disruptions in bone metabolism and necrotic bone marrow within the jawbone cavities. In contrast to the overt clinical signs typically observed in osteopathies, FDOJ frequently presents with a \u201csilent inflammation\u201d phenotype. The electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, and Embase were searched using appropriate search terms, and the methodology was performed according to PRISMA-ScR guidelines. The elevated expression of inflammatory mediators, particularly C-C motif Chemokine Ligand-5\/Regulated on Activation, Normal T Cell Expressed and Secreted (CCL5\/RANTES), fibroblast growth factor-2, and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, distinguishes FDOJ at the molecular level and links it to systemic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. These immunohistochemical markers play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation, immune response regulation, and abnormal bone remodeling. Advanced diagnostic tools, such as conebeam computed tomography and trans-alveolar ultrasonography, facilitate the detection of pathological changes that are not easily discernible with conventional radiography. Surgical intervention remains the primary treatment modality, often complemented by therapies that target these molecular pathways to modulate chronic inflammation. This article underscores the importance of integrating molecular diagnostics, advanced imaging, and clinical data for effective FDOJ detection and management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26051853","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T06:39:07Z","timestamp":1740119947000},"page":"1853","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Fatty Degenerative Osteonecrosis of the Jaw: Bridging Molecular Insights and Clinical Practice\u2014A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Marzena","family":"Dominiak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0172-0571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Niemczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Center of Innovation, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Artur","family":"Pitu\u0142aj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4292-1572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Witold","family":"\u015awienc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Center of Innovation, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3801-0218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacek","family":"Matys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2021.07.012","article-title":"Focal Bone-Marrow Defects in the Jawbone Determined by Ultrasonography\u2014Validation of New Trans-Alveolar Ultrasound Technique for Measuring Jawbone Density in 210 Participants","volume":"47","author":"Lechner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"321","article-title":"The Impact of RANTES from Jawbone on Chronic Fatigue Syndrome","volume":"31","author":"Lechner","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(92)90127-C","article-title":"Neuralgia-Inducing Cavitational Osteonecrosis (NICO)","volume":"73","author":"Bouquot","year":"1992","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.2147\/CCIDE.S149545","article-title":"Aseptic-Avascular Osteonecrosis: Local \u201cSilent Inflammation\u201d in the Jawbone and RANTES\/CCL5 Overexpression","volume":"9","author":"Lechner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dent."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(88)90206-X","article-title":"Osteoporotic Bone Marrow Defect: Radiographic Features and Pathogenic Factors","volume":"65","author":"Schneider","year":"1988","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.5125\/jkaoms.2013.39.2.94","article-title":"Displacement of Dental Implants into the Focal Osteoporotic Bone Marrow Defect: A Report of Three Cases","volume":"39","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Korean Assoc. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(74)90368-5","article-title":"Focal Osteoporotic Bone Marrow Defects of the Jaws","volume":"38","author":"Barker","year":"1974","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s13167-018-0138-6","article-title":"Titanium Implants and Silent Inflammation in Jawbone\u2014A Critical Interplay of Dissolved Titanium Particles and Cytokines TNF-\u03b1 and RANTES\/CCL5 on Overall Health?","volume":"9","author":"Lechner","year":"2018","journal-title":"EPMA J."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"183","article-title":"Focal Osteoporotic Bone Marrow Defect with Unusual Presentation","volume":"57","author":"Martins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Port. Estomatol. Med. Dent\u00e1ria Cir. Maxilofac."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582520","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/582520","article-title":"Peripheral Neuropathic Facial\/Trigeminal Pain and RANTES\/CCL5 in Jawbone Cavitation","volume":"2015","author":"Lechner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.2147\/BCTT.S295488","article-title":"Jawbone Cavitation Expressed RANTES\/CCL5: Case Studies Linking Silent Inflammation in the Jawbone with Epistemology of Breast Cancer","volume":"13","author":"Lechner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Targets Ther."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.1982.tb00184.x","article-title":"The Hematopoietic Defect of the Jaws: A Report of Sixteen Cases","volume":"11","author":"Lipani","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Oral Pathol. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.15214\/jsodom.33.15","article-title":"A Case of Focal Osteoporotic Bone Marrow Defect of the Mandible","volume":"33","author":"Basugi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Jpn J. Oral Diag. Oral Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-2391(92)90204-D","article-title":"Osteoporotic Bone Marrow Defect of the Mandible: Report of a Case Diagnosed by Computed Tomography Scanning","volume":"50","author":"Ozeki","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Focal Osteoporotic Hematopoietic Bone Marrow Defect Formation around a Dental Implant: A Case Report","volume":"26","author":"Delilbasi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implant."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-160X-8-22","article-title":"Bilateral Osteoporotic Bone Marrow Defects of the Mandible: A Case Report","volume":"8","author":"Oliveira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Head Face Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e324","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000000590","article-title":"Focal Osteoporotic Bone Marrow Defect Mimicking a Mandibular Cystic Lesion","volume":"25","author":"Almeida","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Craniofacial Surg."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2017.05.512","article-title":"Chronic Fibrosing Osteomyelitis of the Jaws: An Important Cause of Recalcitrant Facial Pain. A Clinicopathologic Study of 331 Cases in 227 Patients","volume":"124","author":"Goldblatt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(93)90026-Z","article-title":"Focal Osteoporotic Bone Marrow Defect in the Anterior Maxilla","volume":"76","author":"Gordy","year":"1993","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"241","article-title":"Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Bone Marrow Defects of the Jaw\u2014A Case Report on Additional Dental X-Ray Diagnostics with Ultrasound","volume":"14","author":"Lechner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Med. Case Rep. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s13167-019-00182-1","article-title":"Immunohistological Staining of Unknown Chemokine RANTES\/CCL5 Expression in Jawbone Marrow Defects\u2014Osteoimmunology and Disruption of Bone Remodeling in Clinical Case Studies Targeting on Predictive Preventive Personalized Medicine","volume":"10","author":"Lechner","year":"2019","journal-title":"EPMA J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.2147\/CCIDE.S417783","article-title":"Reduction of Inflammatory RANTES\/CCL5 Serum Levels by Surgery in Patients with Bone Marrow Defects of the Jawbone","volume":"15","author":"Diederich","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dent."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S307635","article-title":"Undetected Jawbone Marrow Defects as Inflammatory and Degenerative Signaling Pathways: Chemokine RANTES\/CCL5 as a Possible Link Between the Jawbone and Systemic Interactions?","volume":"14","author":"Lechner","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S43852","article-title":"RANTES and Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 in Jawbone Cavitations: Triggers for Systemic Disease?","volume":"6","author":"Lechner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"BCBCR.S15119","DOI":"10.4137\/BCBCR.S15119","article-title":"Hyperactivated Signaling Pathways of Chemokine RANTES\/CCL5 in Osteopathies of Jawbone in Breast Cancer Patients\u2013-Case Report and Research","volume":"8","author":"Lechner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Basic Clin. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"41","article-title":"RANTES\/CCL5 Signaling from Jawbone Cavitations to Epistemology of Multiple Sclerosis\u2014Research and Case Studies","volume":"11","author":"Lechner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Degener. Neurol. Neuromuscul. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.2147\/BTT.S448587","article-title":"Osteoimmune Interaction and TH-1\/TH-2 Ratio in Jawbone Marrow Defects: An Underestimated Association\u2014Original Research","volume":"18","author":"Lechner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol. Targets Ther."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"37","article-title":"Follow-up of Patients with Systemic Immunological Diseases Undergoing Fatty-Degenerative Osteolysis of the Jawbone Surgery and Treated with RANTES 27CH","volume":"32","author":"Floris","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S152873","article-title":"The Vitamin D Receptor and the Etiology of RANTES\/CCL-Expressive Fatty-Degenerative Osteolysis of the Jawbone: An Interface between Osteoimmunology and Bone Metabolism","volume":"11","author":"Lechner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-2391(86)90077-7","article-title":"Focal Osteoporotic Bone Marrow Defects of the Jaws","volume":"44","author":"Makek","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1179\/crn.2004.039","article-title":"Focal Osteoporotic Marrow Defect: Report of 100 New Cases with Ultrasonography Scans","volume":"22","author":"Shankland","year":"2004","journal-title":"CRANIO\u00ae"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2013.04.014","article-title":"Focal Osteoporotic Marrow Defect of the Maxilla","volume":"114","author":"Chiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Formos. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S442693","article-title":"Comparison of Cytokine RANTES\/CCL5 Inflammation in Apical Periodontitis and in Jawbone Cavitations\u2014Retrospective Clinical Study","volume":"17","author":"Notter","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.2147\/CCIDE.S247345","article-title":"Ultrasound Sonography to Detect Focal Osteoporotic Jawbone Marrow Defects: Clinical Comparative Study with Corresponding Hounsfield Units and RANTES\/CCL5 Expression","volume":"12","author":"Lechner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dent."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3353\/omp.15.35","article-title":"Focal Osteoporotic Bone Marrow Defects Associated with a Cystic Change of the Maxilla: A Possible Histopathogenetic Background of Simple Bone Cyst","volume":"15","author":"Tanabe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oral Med. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.1985.tb05346.x","article-title":"Focal Osteoporotic Bone Marrow Defect","volume":"30","author":"Wilson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Aust. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.2147\/CCIDE.S184498","article-title":"Osteoimmunology of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha, IL-6, and RANTES\/CCL5: A Review of Known and Poorly Understood Inflammatory Patterns in Osteonecrosis","volume":"10","author":"Lechner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dent."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032713-120145","article-title":"Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors: Positioning Cells for Host Defense and Immunity","volume":"32","author":"Griffith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20110651","article-title":"Angiogenic Properties of the Chemokine RANTES\/CCL5","volume":"39","author":"Suffee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.706986","article-title":"CC Chemokine Ligand-5 (CCL5\/RANTES) and CC Chemokine Ligand-18 (CCL18\/PARC) Are Specific Markers of Refractory Unstable Angina Pectoris and Are Transiently Raised During Severe Ischemic Symptoms","volume":"116","author":"Kraaijeveld","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation","volume":"169","author":"Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2011.0471","article-title":"Epithelial Cell Rests of Malassez Contain Unique Stem Cell Populations Capable of Undergoing Epithelial\u2013Mesenchymal Transition","volume":"21","author":"Xiong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"54","article-title":"Epithelial cell rests of Malassez: From Quiescent Remnants to Front-Runners in Periodontal Homeostasis and Regeneration. A Brief Review","volume":"71","author":"Miniggio","year":"2016","journal-title":"S. Afr. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galler, K.M., Weber, M., Korkmaz, Y., Widbiller, M., and Feuerer, M. (2021). Inflammatory Response Mechanisms of the Dentine\u2013Pulp Complex and the Periapical Tissues. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22031480"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2008.070553","article-title":"In Vitro Characterization of the Cytokine Profile of the Epithelial Cell Rests of Malassez","volume":"79","author":"Ohshima","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.2334\/josnusd.42.239","article-title":"Profiles of Cytokine Expression in Radicular Cyst-Lining Epithelium Examined by RT-PCR","volume":"42","author":"Ohshima","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-015-0656-4","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Stress in Osteoclastogenesis, Skeletal Aging and Bone Diseases","volume":"33","author":"Callaway","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Bone Min. Metab."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2018.09.012","article-title":"Comorbid Conditions Are a Risk for Osteonecrosis of the Jaw Unrelated to Antiresorptive Therapy","volume":"127","author":"Fleisher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.12151","article-title":"Oxidative Stress in Bisphosphonate-related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws","volume":"43","author":"Bagan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Oral Pathol. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"125","article-title":"The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Adipogenic Differentiation","volume":"Volume 1083","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cells: Biology and Engineering"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2005.06.026","article-title":"Adipocyte Differentiation in Sod2\u2212\/\u2212 and Sod2+\/+ Murine Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Is Associated with Low Antioxidant Pools","volume":"33","author":"Lechpammer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2014.08.009","article-title":"RAR\u03b3-C-Fos-PPAR\u03b32 Signaling Rather than ROS Generation Is Critical for All-Trans Retinoic Acid-Inhibited Adipocyte Differentiation","volume":"106","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/641087","article-title":"PPAR and Oxidative Stress: Con() Catenating NRF2 and FOXO","volume":"2012","author":"Polvani","year":"2012","journal-title":"PPAR Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2007.08.015","article-title":"\u03b2-Carotene Induces Apoptosis and up-Regulates Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor \u03b3 Expression and Reactive Oxygen Species Production in MCF-7 Cancer Cells","volume":"43","author":"Cui","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000150594.95988.45","article-title":"Peroxisome Proliferator\u2013Activated Receptor \u03b1 Induces NADPH Oxidase Activity in Macrophages, Leading to the Generation of LDL with PPAR-\u03b1 Activation Properties","volume":"95","author":"Teissier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2011.06.007","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species Mediate Adipocyte Differentiation in Mesenchymal Stem Cells","volume":"89","author":"Kanda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2014.01.002","article-title":"FFAs-ROS-ERK\/P38 Pathway Plays a Key Role in Adipocyte Lipotoxicity on Osteoblasts in Co-Culture","volume":"101","author":"Dong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1093\/abbs\/gmaa098","article-title":"ROS Signaling Cascades: Dual Regulations for Osteoclast and Osteoblast","volume":"52","author":"Tao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sin."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Chen, X. (2021). Influence of Osteoblast-Specific Sod2 Deficiency on Bone Mass in Mice. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universit\u00e4t Ulm]."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1006\/cyto.1996.0012","article-title":"RANTES Chemokine Expression in Diseased and Normal Human Tissues","volume":"8","author":"Nelson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3729","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.7.3729","article-title":"A RANTES-Antibody Fusion Protein Retains Antigen Specificity and Chemokine Function","volume":"161","author":"Abboud","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1155\/MI.2005.343","article-title":"RANTES and Chemotactic Activity in Synovial Fluids From Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis","volume":"2005","author":"Stanczyk","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2005-0394OC","article-title":"RANTES (CCL5) Regulates Airway Responsiveness after Repeated Allergen Challenge","volume":"35","author":"Koya","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"216","article-title":"Elevated Serum RANTES Chemokine in Autoimmune Addison\u2019s Disease","volume":"128","author":"Fichna","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pol. Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"1093","article-title":"The CC Chemokine RANTES in Breast Carcinoma Progression: Regulation of Expression and Potential Mechanisms of Promalignant Activity","volume":"62","author":"Azenshtein","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6690164","article-title":"The Chemokine RANTES Is Secreted by Human Melanoma Cells and Is Associated with Enhanced Tumour Formation in Nude Mice","volume":"79","author":"Mrowietz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.20306","article-title":"Expression of CCL5 (RANTES) and CCR5 in Prostate Cancer","volume":"66","author":"Vaday","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"26","article-title":"Biological Roles of Fibroblast Growth Factor-2*","volume":"18","author":"Bikfalvi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Novais, A., Chatzopoulou, E., Chaussain, C., and Gorin, C. (2021). The Potential of FGF-2 in Craniofacial Bone Tissue Engineering: A Review. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10040932"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S1357-2725(99)00123-5","article-title":"Fibroblast Growth Factor-2","volume":"32","author":"Nugent","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conte, C., Riant, E., Toutain, C., Pujol, F., Arnal, J.-F., Lenfant, F., and Prats, A.-C. (2008). FGF2 Translationally Induced by Hypoxia Is Involved in Negative and Positive Feedback Loops with HIF-1\u03b1. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003078"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2776(08)60535-0","article-title":"Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist","volume":"Volume 54","author":"Arend","year":"1993","journal-title":"Advances in Immunology"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200523394","article-title":"IL-1 Mediates TNF-Induced Osteoclastogenesis","volume":"115","author":"Wei","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0029(20000801)50:3<184::AID-JEMT2>3.0.CO;2-H","article-title":"TNF? And the TNF Receptor Superfamily: Structure-Function Relationship(s)","volume":"50","author":"Idriss","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20110340","article-title":"IL-6\/IL-6 Receptor System and Its Role in Physiological and Pathological Conditions","volume":"122","author":"Mihara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dawiec, G., Niemczyk, W., Wiench, R., Niemczyk, S., and Skaba, D. (2024). Introduction to Amniotic Membranes in Maxillofacial Surgery\u2014A Scoping Review. Medicina, 60.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60040663"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.36740\/WLek\/195552","article-title":"Application of I-PRF in Dentistry","volume":"77","author":"Niemczyk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Wiad Lek"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1186\/ar1917","article-title":"Interleukin-6, a Pleiotropic Cytokine","volume":"8","author":"Gabay","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.36740\/WLek202405129","article-title":"The Influence of Parenteral Nutrition on the Condition of the Oral Cavity: Literature Review","volume":"77","author":"Niemczyk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Wiad. Lek"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2008.01538.x","article-title":"Detection of Periapical Bone Defects in Human Jaws Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography and Intraoral Radiography","volume":"42","author":"Patel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"126","article-title":"Digital Volume Tomography in the Diagnosis of Nasal Bone Fractures","volume":"47","author":"Bremke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Neville, B., Damm, D., Allen, C., and Bouquot, J.E. (2009). Bone Pathology. Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Saunders-Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.4103\/njms.NJMS_5_19","article-title":"Neuralgia-Inducing Cavitational Osteonecrosis\u2014Fact or Myth, the Debate Persists","volume":"10","author":"Gandhi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Natl. J. Maxillofac. Surg."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/5\/1853\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:39:44Z","timestamp":1760027984000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/5\/1853"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26051853"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26051853","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]]}}}