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The NVU, a dynamic ensemble of astrocytes, endothelial cells, pericytes, and microglia, is vital for maintaining cerebral homeostasis and regulating vascular brain development. Its structural integrity, particularly at the blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB), depends on intercellular junctions and the basement membrane, which together restrict paracellular transport and shield the brain from systemic insults. Dysfunction in this intricate system is increasingly linked to pediatric stroke and related cerebrovascular conditions. Mutations disrupting endothelial cell adhesion or pericyte\u2013endothelial interactions can compromise BBB stability, leading to pathological outcomes such as intraventricular hemorrhage in the germinal matrix, a hallmark of vascular brain immaturity. Additionally, inflammation, ferroptosis, necroptosis, and autophagy are key cellular processes influencing brain damage and repair. Excessive activation of these mechanisms can exacerbate NVU injury, whereas targeted therapeutic modulation offers potential pathways to mitigate damage and support recovery. This review explores the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying NVU dysfunction, BBB disruption, and subsequent brain injury in pediatric stroke. Understanding the interplay between genetic mutations, environmental stressors, and NVU dynamics provides new insights into stroke pathogenesis. The susceptibility of the germinal matrix to vascular rupture further emphasizes the critical role of NVU integrity in early brain development. Targeting inflammatory pathways and cell death mechanisms presents promising strategies to preserve NVU function and improve outcomes for affected neonates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26051886","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T06:47:17Z","timestamp":1740379637000},"page":"1886","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["The Triad of Blood\u2013Brain Barrier Integrity: Endothelial Cells, Astrocytes, and Pericytes in Perinatal Stroke Pathophysiology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Tania","family":"Garcia-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurobiology, Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise G.","family":"Gornatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurobiology, Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3197-9457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurobiology, Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3587-5790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillem","family":"Ca\u00f1ellas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurobiology, Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Institut Universitari d\u2019Investigacions en Ci\u00e8ncies de la Salut (IUNICS), 07122 Palma, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9374-1219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dami\u00e0","family":"Heine-Su\u00f1er","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genomics of Health Research, Unit of Molecular Diagnostics and Clinical Genetics, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07013 Palma, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5735-8335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Crist\u00f2fol","family":"Vives-Bauz\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurobiology, Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Institut Universitari d\u2019Investigacions en Ci\u00e8ncies de la Salut (IUNICS), 07122 Palma, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-023-00626-5","article-title":"Genetics of human brain development","volume":"25","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. 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