{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T10:25:48Z","timestamp":1783938348636,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740441600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center","award":["TSPA-2023-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSPA-2023-03"]}]},{"name":"Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center","award":["P30CA240139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30CA240139"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TSPA-2023-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSPA-2023-03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30CA240139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30CA240139"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, which mainly include malignancies of the esophagus, stomach, intestine, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and bile duct, pose a significant global health burden. Unfortunately, the prognosis for most GI cancers remains poor, particularly in advanced stages. Current treatment options, including targeted and immunotherapies, are less effective compared to those for other cancer types, highlighting an urgent need for novel molecular targets. NEK (NIMA related kinase) kinases are a group of serine\/threonine kinases (NEK1-NEK11) that play a role in regulating cell cycle, mitosis, and various physiological processes. Recent studies suggest that several NEK members are overexpressed in human cancers, including gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, which can contribute to tumor progression and drug resistance. Among these, NEK2 stands out for its consistent overexpression in all types of GI cancer. Targeting NEK2 with specific inhibitors has shown promising results in preclinical studies, particularly for gastric and pancreatic cancers. The development and clinical evaluation of NEK2 inhibitors in human cancers have emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy. Specifically, an NEK2 inhibitor, T-1101 tosylate, is currently undergoing clinical trials. This review will focus on the gene expression and functional roles of NEKs in GI cancers, as well as the progress in developing NEK inhibitors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26051992","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T07:45:08Z","timestamp":1740469508000},"page":"1992","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Targeting NEK Kinases in Gastrointestinal Cancers: Insights into Gene Expression, Function, and Inhibitors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8096-7401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heng","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"},{"name":"Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6399-9179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farah","family":"Ballout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2101-6098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wael","family":"El-Rifai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"},{"name":"Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"},{"name":"Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ravindran Caspa","family":"Gokulan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"},{"name":"Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver Gene","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2182-7221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dunfa","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"},{"name":"Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nierengarten, M.B. 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