{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T07:33:56Z","timestamp":1788852836787,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":207,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The human immune system is closely linked to microbiota such as a complex symbiotic relationship during the coevolution of vertebrates and microorganisms. The transfer of microorganisms from the mother\u2019s microbiota to the newborn begins before birth during gestation and is considered the initial phase of the intestinal microbiota (IM). The gut is an important site where microorganisms can establish colonies. The IM contains polymicrobial communities, which show complex interactions with diet and host immunity. The tendency towards dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota is influenced by local but also extra-intestinal factors such as inflammatory processes, infections, or a septic state that can aggravate it. Pathogens could trigger an immune response, such as proinflammatory responses. In addition, changes in the host immune system also influence the intestinal community and structure with additional translocation of pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria. Finally, local intestinal inflammation has been found to be an important factor in the growth of pathogenic microorganisms, particularly in its role in sepsis. The aim of this article is to be able to detect the current knowledge of the mechanisms that can lead to dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota and that can cause bacterial translocation with a risk of infection or septic state and vice versa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26052028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T04:46:37Z","timestamp":1740545197000},"page":"2028","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Intestinal Microbiota Dysbiosis Role and Bacterial Translocation as a Factor for Septic Risk"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Ioannis Alexandros","family":"Charitos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pneumology and Respiratory Rehabilitation Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, \u201cIstitute\u201d of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy"},{"name":"Doctoral School, Applied Neurosciences, University of Bari (UNIBA), 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2717-2489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore","family":"Scacco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Biomedicina Traslazionale e Neuroscienze (DiBraiN), Scuola di Medicina, Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Bari, Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy"},{"name":"U.O. 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