{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:57:09Z","timestamp":1760057829987,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas (INER)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Genetic variants related to susceptibility to chronic respiratory conditions such as interstitial lung disease (ILD) could share critical pathways in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and be implicated in COVID-19 outcomes and post-COVID-19. We aimed to identify the participation of genetic variants in lung function and ILD genes in severe COVID-19 outcomes and post-COVID-19 condition. We studied 936 hospitalized patients with COVID-19. The requirement of invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) and the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) classification were considered. The mortality was assessed as the in-hospital death. The post-COVID-19 group included 102 patients evaluated for pulmonary function tests four times during the year after discharge. Five variants (FAM13A rs2609255, DSP rs2076295, TOLLIP rs111521887, TERT rs2736100, and THSD4 rs872471) were genotyped using TaqMan assays. A multifactor dimensionality reduction method (MDR) was performed for epistasis estimation. The TERT rs2736100 and THSD4 rs872471 variants were associated with differential risk for ARDS severity (moderate vs. severe, CC + CA, p = 0.044, OR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.44\u20130.99; and GG p = 0.034, OR = 2.22, 95% CI = 1.04\u20134.72, respectively). These variants and FAM13A rs2609255 were also related to pulmonary function post-COVID-19. The MDR analysis showed differential epistasis and correlation of the genetic variants included in this study. The well-known variants in recognized genes related to pulmonary function worsening and interstitial disorders are related to the severity and mortality of COVID-19 and lung performance in the post-COVID-19 condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26052046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T08:28:31Z","timestamp":1740558511000},"page":"2046","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genetic Variants in Genes Related to Lung Function and Interstitial Lung Diseases Are Associated with Worse Outcomes in Severe COVID-19 and Lung Performance in the Post-COVID-19 Condition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2132-1076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingrid","family":"Fricke-Galindo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cos\u00edo Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5195-7385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvador","family":"Garc\u00eda-Carmona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cos\u00edo Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5975-6724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brandon","family":"Bautista-Becerril","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cos\u00edo Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6876-1012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gloria","family":"P\u00e9rez-Rubio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cos\u00edo Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2825-506X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivette","family":"Buendia-Roldan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Research Laboratory on Aging and Pulmonary Fibrosis, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cos\u00edo Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2334-0361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leslie","family":"Ch\u00e1vez-Gal\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cos\u00edo Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4418-2646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karol J.","family":"Nava-Quiroz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cos\u00edo Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9902-7470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Alanis-Ponce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cos\u00edo Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan M.","family":"Res\u00e9ndiz-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Cl\u00ednico, Centro Especializado de Atenci\u00f3n a Personas con Discapacidad Visual, Instituto de Salud del Estado de M\u00e9xico, Naucalpan 53000, Mexico State, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Blanco-Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Benem\u00e9rita, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Puebla, Puebla de Zaragoza 72420, Puebla, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5371-3522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica I.","family":"Erives-Sedano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez, Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez 32310, Chihuahua, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0330-947X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yashohara","family":"M\u00e9ndez-Velasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Acad\u00e9mica Profesional Chimalhuac\u00e1n, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de M\u00e9xico, Nezahualc\u00f3yotl 56353, Mexico State, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1399-1543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grecia E.","family":"Osuna-Espinoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmico Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Sinaloa, Culiac\u00e1n Rosales 80030, Sinaloa, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fidel","family":"Salvador-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopat\u00eda, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 07320, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9788-0069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rub\u00e9n","family":"Segura-Casta\u00f1eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad Interdisciplinaria de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas y de Salud, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo Sonora 83000, Sonora, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2774-1492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uriel N.","family":"Solano-Candia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Biolog\u00eda, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo, Morelia 58000, Michoac\u00e1n, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6877-8124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramc\u00e9s","family":"Falf\u00e1n-Valencia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cos\u00edo Villegas, Mexico City 14080, 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