{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T02:16:16Z","timestamp":1763950576349,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":167,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, Singapore Ministry of Health\u2019s National Medical Research Council","award":["NMRC CG21APR1006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NMRC CG21APR1006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiovascular disease is the worldwide leading cause of mortality among survivors of cancer due in part to the cardiotoxicity of anticancer therapies. This paper explores the progress in precision cardio-oncology, particularly in genetic testing and therapeutics, and its impact on cardiovascular diseases in clinical and laboratory settings. These advancements enable clinicians to better assess risk, diagnose conditions, and deliver personalised, cost-effective therapeutics. Through case studies of cancer-therapy-related cardiac dysfunction, clonal haematopoiesis of indeterminate potential, and polygenic risk scoring, we demonstrate the benefits of incorporating precision genomics in individualised care in cardio-oncology. Furthermore, leveraging real-world genomic data in clinical settings can advance our understanding of long noncoding RNAs and microRNAs, which play important regulatory roles in cardio-oncology. Additionally, employing human-induced pluripotent stem cells to stratify risk and guide prevention strategies represents a promising avenue for modelling precision cardio-oncology. While these advancements showcase the significant progress in genetic approaches, they also raise substantial ethical, legal, and societal concerns. Regulatory oversight of genetic and genomic technologies should therefore evolve suitably to keep up with rapid advancements in technology and analysis. Provider education is crucial for the appropriate use of new genetic and genomic applications, including on the existing protection available for patients regarding genetic information. This can provide confidence for diverse study groups to advance genetic studies looking to develop a comprehensive understanding and effective clinical applications for heterogeneous populations. In clinical settings, the implementation of genetic and genomic applications within electronic medical records can offer point-of-care clinical decision support, thus providing timely information to guide clinical management decisions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26052052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T11:22:12Z","timestamp":1740568932000},"page":"2052","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Revolutionising Cardio-Oncology Care with Precision Genomics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Jun Hua","family":"Chong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Dr, Singapore 169609, Singapore"},{"name":"Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles T. H.","family":"Chuah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore"},{"name":"National Cancer Centre Singapore, 30 Hospital Blvd, Singapore 168583, Singapore"},{"name":"Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore 169608, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4323-3635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline G.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, C\/O MD7, Level 2, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore"},{"name":"Division of Cellular & Molecular Research, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore 169610, Singapore"},{"name":"NUS Graduate School, National University of Singapore, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119077, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahjo.2022.100129","article-title":"Artificial intelligence opportunities in cardio-oncology: Overview with spotlight on electrocardiography","volume":"15","author":"Martinez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. Heart J. Plus Cardiol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahjo.2024.100374","article-title":"Novel insights into cardiovascular toxicity of cancer targeted and immune therapies: Beyond ischemia with non-obstructive coronary arteries (INOCA)","volume":"40","author":"Kreidieh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. Heart J. Plus Cardiol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4229","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac244","article-title":"2022 ESC Guidelines on cardio-oncology developed in collaboration with the European Hematology Association (EHA), the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ESTRO) and the International Cardio-Oncology Society (IC-OS)","volume":"43","author":"Lyon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.06.007","article-title":"Clonal Hematopoiesis: Crossroads of Aging, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer: JACC Review Topic of the Week","volume":"74","author":"Libby","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.037934","article-title":"Genetic Variants Associated with Cancer Therapy-Induced Cardiomyopathy","volume":"140","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaccao.2020.09.006","article-title":"Genetics of Anthracycline Cardiomyopathy in Cancer Survivors: JACC: CardioOncology State-of-the-Art Review","volume":"2","author":"Bhatia","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC CardioOncol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3915","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab362","article-title":"Anticancer drug-induced life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias: A World Health Organization pharmacovigilance study","volume":"42","author":"Salem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e005443","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.117.005443","article-title":"Cancer Treatment-Induced Arrhythmias: Focus on Chemotherapy and Targeted Therapies","volume":"10","author":"Buza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Arrhythm. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2018.04.009","article-title":"Anticancer drug-induced cardiac rhythm disorders: Current knowledge and basic underlying mechanisms","volume":"189","author":"Alexandre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2016.03.001","article-title":"Increased Incidence of Ventricular Arrhythmias in Patients with Advanced Cancer and Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators","volume":"3","author":"Enriquez","year":"2017","journal-title":"JACC Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e007724","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.007724","article-title":"Incidence, Diagnosis, and Management of QT Prolongation Induced by Cancer Therapies: A Systematic Review","volume":"6","author":"Gilbert","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.01.017","article-title":"Anticoagulation Strategies in Patients with Cancer: JACC Review Topic of the Week","volume":"73","author":"Mosarla","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab674","article-title":"Defining cardiovascular toxicities of cancer therapies: An International Cardio-Oncology Society (IC-OS) consensus statement","volume":"43","author":"Herrmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-021-01066-2","article-title":"Modeling Precision Cardio-Oncology: Using Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Risk Stratification and Prevention","volume":"23","author":"Perry","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, L.A., Cornelius, V.R., Plummer, C.J., Levitt, G., Verrill, M., Canney, P., and Jones, A. (2010). Cardiotoxicity of anthracycline agents for the treatment of cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMC Cancer, 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-10-337"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"529","article-title":"The cardiotoxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs","volume":"19","author":"Allen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Semin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2015.168","article-title":"Systems biology approaches to adverse drug effects: The example of cardio-oncology","volume":"12","author":"Brown","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3754","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.576850","article-title":"NAD(P)H oxidase and multidrug resistance protein genetic polymorphisms are associated with doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity","volume":"112","author":"Wojnowski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2008.398","article-title":"Analysis of the host pharmacogenetic background for prediction of outcome and toxicity in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with R-CHOP21","volume":"23","author":"Rossi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.34.3467","article-title":"Pharmacogenomic prediction of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity in children","volume":"30","author":"Visscher","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2013.50.3557","article-title":"Hyaluronan synthase 3 variant and anthracycline-related cardiomyopathy: A report from the children\u2019s oncology group","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1080\/10428190903177212","article-title":"Influence of the polymorphism in candidate genes on late cardiac damage in patients treated due to acute leukemia in childhood","volume":"50","author":"Aplenc","year":"2009","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2015.63.4550","article-title":"CELF4 Variant and Anthracycline-Related Cardiomyopathy: A Children\u2019s Oncology Group Genome-Wide Association Study","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5818612","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5818612","article-title":"Genetic Susceptibility and Mechanisms Underlying the Pathogenesis of Anthracycline-Associated Cardiotoxicity","volume":"2022","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3374","article-title":"A coding variant in RARG confers susceptibility to anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity in childhood cancer","volume":"47","author":"Aminkeng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1609214","article-title":"Fulminant Myocarditis with Combination Immune Checkpoint Blockade","volume":"375","author":"Johnson","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1701719","article-title":"Clonal Hematopoiesis and Risk of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"377","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2488","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1408617","article-title":"Age-related clonal hematopoiesis associated with adverse outcomes","volume":"371","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1409405","article-title":"Clonal hematopoiesis and blood-cancer risk inferred from blood DNA sequence","volume":"371","author":"Genovese","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13366","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.13366","article-title":"Clonal hematopoiesis associated with epigenetic aging and clinical outcomes","volume":"20","author":"Nachun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2021.07.004","article-title":"Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP): Linking somatic mutations, hematopoiesis, chronic inflammation and cardiovascular disease","volume":"161","author":"Marnell","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2015-03-631747","article-title":"Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential and its distinction from myelodysplastic syndromes","volume":"126","author":"Steensma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2018.3965","article-title":"Association of Mutations Contributing to Clonal Hematopoiesis with Prognosis in Chronic Ischemic Heart Failure","volume":"4","author":"Dorsheimer","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz591","article-title":"Clonal haematopoiesis in patients with degenerative aortic valve stenosis undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation","volume":"41","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan4673","article-title":"Clonal hematopoiesis in human aging and disease","volume":"366","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2017.05.013","article-title":"Ultra-sensitive Sequencing Identifies High Prevalence of Clonal Hematopoiesis-Associated Mutations throughout Adult Life","volume":"101","author":"Sengul","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13297","article-title":"Full spectrum of clonal haematopoiesis-driver mutations in chronic heart failure and their associations with mortality","volume":"8","author":"Kiefer","year":"2021","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.02.028","article-title":"Clonal Hematopoiesis and Risk of Progression of Heart Failure with Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction","volume":"77","author":"Vazquez","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa845","article-title":"Clonal haematopoiesis in chronic ischaemic heart failure: Prognostic role of clone size for DNMT3A- and TET2-driver gene mutations","volume":"42","author":"Assmus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.03.025","article-title":"Loss of Dnmt3a Immortalizes Hematopoietic Stem Cells In Vivo","volume":"23","author":"Jeong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.1009","article-title":"Dnmt3a is essential for hematopoietic stem cell differentiation","volume":"44","author":"Challen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2819-2","article-title":"Inherited causes of clonal haematopoiesis in 97,691 whole genomes","volume":"586","author":"Bick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044362","article-title":"Genetic Interleukin 6 Signaling Deficiency Attenuates Cardiovascular Risk in Clonal Hematopoiesis","volume":"141","author":"Bick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2018.10.004","article-title":"PPM1D Mutations Drive Clonal Hematopoiesis in Response to Cytotoxic Chemotherapy","volume":"23","author":"Hsu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5649","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13542-2","article-title":"Mutant p53 drives clonal hematopoiesis through modulating epigenetic pathway","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.71.6712","article-title":"Clonal Hematopoiesis Associated with Adverse Outcomes After Autologous Stem-Cell Transplantation for Lymphoma","volume":"35","author":"Gibson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-020-00710-0","article-title":"Cancer therapy shapes the fitness landscape of clonal hematopoiesis","volume":"52","author":"Bolton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1200\/PO.20.00186","article-title":"Fitness Landscape of Clonal Hematopoiesis Under Selective Pressure of Immune Checkpoint Blockade","volume":"4","author":"Miller","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCO Precis. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2839","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33481","article-title":"High prevalence of clonal hematopoiesis-type genomic abnormalities in cell-free DNA in invasive gliomas after treatment","volume":"148","author":"Okamura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7160","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.16.7160","article-title":"A constant rate of spontaneous mutation in DNA-based microbes","volume":"88","author":"Drake","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"1606","article-title":"Clonal hematopoiesis and nonhematologic disorders","volume":"136","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2941","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-01-330050","article-title":"Accumulation of oxidative DNA damage restricts the self-renewal capacity of human hematopoietic stem cells","volume":"118","author":"Yahata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2660","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-020-0896-8","article-title":"Clonal myelopoiesis in the UK Biobank cohort: ASXL1 mutations are strongly associated with smoking","volume":"34","author":"Dawoud","year":"2020","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aba9304","article-title":"Resistance to inflammation underlies enhanced fitness in clonal hematopoiesis","volume":"374","author":"Avagyan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2021.03.002","article-title":"Chronic infection drives Dnmt3a-loss-of-function clonal hematopoiesis via IFN\u03b3 signaling","volume":"28","author":"Matatall","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab419","article-title":"Clonal Hematopoiesis Is Associated with Low CD4 Nadir and Increased Residual HIV Transcriptional Activity in Virally Suppressed Individuals with HIV","volume":"225","author":"Steehouwer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2786-7","article-title":"Inherited myeloproliferative neoplasm risk affects haematopoietic stem cells","volume":"586","author":"Bao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.01.049","article-title":"Increased stem cell proliferation in atherosclerosis accelerates clonal hematopoiesis","volume":"184","author":"Heyde","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13968","article-title":"Role of TP53 mutations in the origin and evolution of therapy-related acute myeloid leukaemia","volume":"518","author":"Wong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-05-850339","article-title":"PPM1D-truncating mutations confer resistance to chemotherapy and sensitivity to PPM1D inhibition in hematopoietic cells","volume":"132","author":"Kahn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aag1381","article-title":"Clonal hematopoiesis associated with TET2 deficiency accelerates atherosclerosis development in mice","volume":"355","author":"Fuster","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1189731","article-title":"ATP-binding cassette transporters and HDL suppress hematopoietic stem cell proliferation","volume":"328","author":"Pagler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav1749","article-title":"AIBP-mediated cholesterol efflux instructs hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell fate","volume":"363","author":"Gu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-021-00554-z","article-title":"Clonal haematopoiesis and atherosclerosis: A chicken or egg question?","volume":"18","author":"Fuster","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.118.312338","article-title":"Smoking and Increased White and Red Blood Cells","volume":"39","author":"Pedersen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levin, M.G., Nakao, T., Zekavat, S.M., Koyama, S., Bick, A.G., Niroula, A., Ebert, B., Damrauer, S.M., and Natarajan, P. (2022). Genetics of smoking and risk of clonal hematopoiesis. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-09604-z"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.11.003","article-title":"2018 AHA\/ACC\/AACVPR\/AAPA\/ABC\/ACPM\/ADA\/AGS\/APhA\/ASPC\/NLA\/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol","volume":"73","author":"Grundy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S., Hu, S., Luo, X., Bao, X., Li, J., Liu, M., Lv, Y., Zhao, C., Zeng, M., and Chen, X. (2022). Prevalence and prognostic significance of DNMT3A- and TET2- clonal haematopoiesis-driver mutations in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. EBioMedicine, 78.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.103964"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2022.0386","article-title":"TET2-Driven Clonal Hematopoiesis and Response to Canakinumab: An Exploratory Analysis of the CANTOS Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"7","author":"Svensson","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003003","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCGEN.120.003003","article-title":"Multiple Somatic Mutations for Clonal Hematopoiesis Are Associated with Increased Mortality in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure","volume":"13","author":"Cremer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. Genom. Precis. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.313225","article-title":"CRISPR-Mediated Gene Editing to Assess the Roles of Tet2 and Dnmt3a in Clonal Hematopoiesis and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"123","author":"Sano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.12.037","article-title":"Tet2-Mediated Clonal Hematopoiesis Accelerates Heart Failure Through a Mechanism Involving the IL-1\u03b2\/NLRP3 Inflammasome","volume":"71","author":"Sano","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2019.05.013","article-title":"JAK2 (V617F)-Mediated Clonal Hematopoiesis Accelerates Pathological Remodeling in Murine Heart Failure","volume":"4","author":"Sano","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC Basic Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e146076","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.146076","article-title":"TP53-mediated therapy-related clonal hematopoiesis contributes to doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy by augmenting a neutrophil-mediated cytotoxic response","volume":"6","author":"Sano","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e135204","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.135204","article-title":"Tet2-mediated clonal hematopoiesis in nonconditioned mice accelerates age-associated cardiac dysfunction","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.319314","article-title":"The Cancer Therapy-Related Clonal Hematopoiesis Driver Gene Ppm1d Promotes Inflammation and Non-Ischemic Heart Failure in Mice","volume":"129","author":"Yura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.317104","article-title":"Clonal Hematopoiesis-Driver DNMT3A Mutations Alter Immune Cells in Heart Failure","volume":"128","author":"Abplanalp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2588","article-title":"Clonal haematopoiesis is associated with higher mortality in patients with cardiogenic shock","volume":"24","author":"Scolari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2715","article-title":"Clonal haematopoiesis of indeterminate potential: Associations with heart failure incidence, clinical parameters and biomarkers","volume":"25","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.07.032","article-title":"Restoration of TET2 Function Blocks Aberrant Self-Renewal and Leukemia Progression","volume":"170","author":"Cimmino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3733","article-title":"Age-related mutations associated with clonal hematopoietic expansion and malignancies","volume":"20","author":"Xie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.04.085","article-title":"Supplemental Association of Clonal Hematopoiesis with Incident Heart Failure","volume":"78","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e030603","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.123.030603","article-title":"Clonal Hematopoiesis of Indeterminate Potential from a Heart Failure Specialist\u2019s Point of View","volume":"12","author":"Sikking","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3297","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz641","article-title":"How to diagnose heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: The HFA-PEFF diagnostic algorithm: A consensus recommendation from the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)","volume":"40","author":"Pieske","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3599","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab368","article-title":"2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure","volume":"42","author":"McDonagh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.04.110","article-title":"Inflammation in HFpEF: Key or circumstantial?","volume":"189","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simmonds, S.J., Cuijpers, I., Heymans, S., and Jones, E.A.V. (2020). Cellular and Molecular Differences between HFpEF and HFrEF: A Step Ahead in an Improved Pathological Understanding. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9010242"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa217","article-title":"Metabolic inflammation in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"117","author":"Schiattarella","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfs130","article-title":"Growth differentiation factor 15, ST2, high-sensitivity troponin, T, and N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide in heart failure with preserved vs. reduced ejection fraction","volume":"14","author":"Santhanakrishnan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hft106","article-title":"Biomarkers of heart failure with normal ejection fraction: A systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Cheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.430","article-title":"Role of biomarkers in cardiac structure phenotyping in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: Critical appraisal and practical use","volume":"17","author":"Vaduganathan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.414","article-title":"Circulating biomarkers of distinct pathophysiological pathways in heart failure with preserved vs. reduced left ventricular ejection fraction","volume":"17","author":"Davarzani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.10.018","article-title":"Pentraxin 3 is a new inflammatory marker correlated with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and heart failure with normal ejection fraction","volume":"57","author":"Matsubara","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2291","article-title":"Proteomics to improve phenotyping in obese patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"23","author":"Kresoja","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e018549","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.018549","article-title":"Interleukin 6 and Development of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction in the General Population","volume":"10","author":"Chia","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01233-6","article-title":"Discovery and systematic characterization of risk variants and genes for coronary artery disease in over a million participants","volume":"54","author":"Aragam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0183-z","article-title":"Genome-wide polygenic scores for common diseases identify individuals with risk equivalent to monogenic mutations","volume":"50","author":"Khera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.07.079","article-title":"Genomic Risk Prediction of Coronary Artery Disease in 480,000 Adults: Implications for Primary Prevention","volume":"72","author":"Inouye","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2018.12.049","article-title":"Roles of pharmacogenomics in non-anthracycline antineoplastic-induced cardiovascular toxicities: A systematic review and meta-analysis of genotypes effect","volume":"280","author":"Leong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2008.03.036","article-title":"Appraising cardiotoxicity associated with liposomal doxorubicin by means of tissue Doppler echocardiography end-points: Rationale and design of the LITE (Liposomal doxorubicin-Investigational chemotherapy-Tissue Doppler imaging Evaluation) randomized pilot study","volume":"135","author":"Lotrionte","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2012.10.079","article-title":"Cardiotoxicity of a non-pegylated liposomal doxorubicin-based regimen versus an epirubicin-based regimen for breast cancer: The LITE (Liposomal doxorubicin-Investigational chemotherapy-Tissue Doppler imaging Evaluation) randomized pilot study","volume":"167","author":"Lotrionte","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.5152\/akd.2014.14271","article-title":"Cardiotoxicity due to chemotherapy for breast cancer: The dark side of the moon","volume":"15","author":"Peruzzi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anatol. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3476","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10744-6","article-title":"A genome-wide positioning systems network algorithm for in silico drug repurposing","volume":"10","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, C., Zhao, J., Lu, W., Dai, Y., Hockings, J., Zhou, Y., Nussinov, R., Eng, C., and Cheng, F. (2020). Individualized genetic network analysis reveals new therapeutic vulnerabilities in 6,700 cancer genomes. PLoS Comput. Biol., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1007701"},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"682","article-title":"Individualized network-based drug repositioning infrastructure for precision oncology in the panomics era","volume":"18","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brief. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.118.016253","article-title":"Personal Mutanomes Meet Modern Oncology Drug Discovery and Precision Health","volume":"71","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.11.050","article-title":"Cell-free DNA Comprises an In Vivo Nucleosome Footprint that Informs Its Tissues-Of-Origin","volume":"164","author":"Snyder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5068","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07466-6","article-title":"Comprehensive human cell-type methylation atlas reveals origins of circulating cell-free DNA in health and disease","volume":"9","author":"Moss","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/48.11.2074","article-title":"Does centrifugation cause the ex vivo release of DNA from blood cells?","volume":"48","author":"Lui","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1707914","article-title":"Antiinflammatory Therapy with Canakinumab for Atherosclerotic Disease","volume":"377","author":"Ridker","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"A15111","article-title":"Abstract 15111: TET2-driven clonal hematopoiesis predicts enhanced response to Canakinumab in the CANTOS trial: An exploratory analysis","volume":"138","author":"Svensson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03341-5","article-title":"The AIM2 inflammasome exacerbates atherosclerosis in clonal haematopoiesis","volume":"592","author":"Fidler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.045810","article-title":"Proteomic Evaluation of the Comorbidity-Inflammation Paradigm in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: Results From the PROMIS-HFpEF Study","volume":"142","author":"Tromp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2017.11.002","article-title":"An inflammatory environment containing TNF\u03b1 favors Tet2-mutant clonal hematopoiesis","volume":"59","author":"Abegunde","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.2468","article-title":"Association of Clonal Hematopoiesis of Indeterminate Potential with Inflammatory Gene Expression in Patients With Severe Degenerative Aortic Valve Stenosis or Chronic Postischemic Heart Failure","volume":"5","author":"Abplanalp","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000124490.27666.B2","article-title":"Targeted anticytokine therapy in patients with chronic heart failure: Results of the Randomized Etanercept Worldwide Evaluation (RENEWAL)","volume":"109","author":"Mann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3133","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000077913.60364.D2","article-title":"Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot trial of infliximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor-alpha, in patients with moderate-to-severe heart failure: Results of the anti-TNF Therapy Against Congestive Heart Failure (ATTACH) trial","volume":"107","author":"Chung","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaan8292","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aan8292","article-title":"Increased neutrophil extracellular trap formation promotes thrombosis in myeloproliferative neoplasms","volume":"10","author":"Wolach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-020-06943-9","article-title":"Inhibition of JAK2 Suppresses Myelopoiesis and Atherosclerosis in Apoe(\u2212\/\u2212) Mice","volume":"34","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1605086","article-title":"Genetic Risk, Adherence to a Healthy Lifestyle, and Coronary Disease","volume":"375","author":"Khera","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2264","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61730-X","article-title":"Genetic risk, coronary heart disease events, and the clinical benefit of statin therapy: An analysis of primary and secondary prevention trials","volume":"385","author":"Mega","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.024436","article-title":"Polygenic Risk Score Identifies Subgroup with Higher Burden of Atherosclerosis and Greater Relative Benefit from Statin Therapy in the Primary Prevention Setting","volume":"135","author":"Natarajan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaccao.2022.04.003","article-title":"Contribution of Genome-Wide Polygenic Score to Risk of Coronary Artery Disease in Childhood Cancer Survivors","volume":"4","author":"Sapkota","year":"2022","journal-title":"JACC CardioOncol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1443","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00252.2018","article-title":"Identification of a novel microRNA profile in pediatric patients with cancer treated with anthracycline chemotherapy","volume":"315","author":"Oatmen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e004653","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.004653","article-title":"Circulating microRNAs: Potential Markers of Cardiotoxicity in Children and Young Adults Treated with Anthracycline Chemotherapy","volume":"6","author":"Leger","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.11.019","article-title":"Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors","volume":"131","author":"Takahashi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2012.10.010","article-title":"Abnormal calcium handling properties underlie familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy pathology in patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells","volume":"12","author":"Lan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaf2584","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaf2584","article-title":"High-throughput screening of tyrosine kinase inhibitor cardiotoxicity with human induced pluripotent stem cells","volume":"9","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.09.055","article-title":"Disease modeling and phenotypic drug screening for diabetic cardiomyopathy using human induced pluripotent stem cells","volume":"9","author":"Drawnel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.305365","article-title":"Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes: Insights into molecular, cellular, and functional phenotypes","volume":"117","author":"Karakikes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2015.09.008","article-title":"Advances in therapeutic CRISPR\/Cas9 genome editing","volume":"168","author":"Schwank","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.173427.114","article-title":"Seamless gene correction of \u03b2-thalassemia mutations in patient-specific iPSCs using CRISPR\/Cas9 and piggyBac","volume":"24","author":"Xie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sperber, N.R., Carpenter, J.S., Cavallari, L.H., Damschroder, L.J., Cooper-DeHoff, R.M., Denny, J.C., Ginsburg, G.S., Guan, Y., Horowitz, C.R., and Levy, K.D. (2017). Challenges and strategies for implementing genomic services in diverse settings: Experiences from the Implementing GeNomics In pracTicE (IGNITE) network. BMC Med. Genom., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12920-017-0273-2"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1080\/14737159.2020.1757436","article-title":"Challenges in the clinical implementation of precision medicine companion diagnostics","volume":"20","author":"Keeling","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Mol. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2037640","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.37640","article-title":"Assessment of the Inclusion of Racial\/Ethnic Minority, Female, and Older Individuals in Vaccine Clinical Trials","volume":"4","author":"Flores","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1097\/GIM.0b013e3181ca2bbf","article-title":"Impact of limited population diversity of genome-wide association studies","volume":"12","author":"Haga","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genet. Med."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2009.09.012","article-title":"Next generation disparities in human genomics: Concerns and remedies","volume":"25","author":"Need","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"ref_138","first-page":"141","article-title":"Cytochrome p450 enzyme polymorphism frequency in indigenous and native american populations: A systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Jaja","year":"2008","journal-title":"Community Genet."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plabm.2020.e00172","article-title":"The regulatory landscape of precision oncology laboratory medicine in the United States\u2014Perspective on the past 5 years and considerations for future regulation","volume":"21","author":"Konnick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pract. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.12657","article-title":"The Labyrinth of Product Development and Regulatory Approvals in Liquid Biopsy Diagnostics","volume":"12","author":"Goodsaid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1126\/science.270.5235.391","article-title":"Genetic discrimination and health insurance: An urgent need for reform","volume":"270","author":"Hudson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-720X.1998.tb01419.x","article-title":"Genetic discrimination in the workplace","volume":"26","author":"Miller","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Law Med. Ethics"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1007\/s10897-014-9771-y","article-title":"Public awareness of genetic nondiscrimination laws in four states and perceived importance of life insurance protections","volume":"24","author":"Parkman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Genet. Couns."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1007\/s10689-012-9564-0","article-title":"Consumer awareness and attitudes about insurance discrimination post enactment of the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act","volume":"11","author":"Allain","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fam. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1089\/gtmb.2020.0275","article-title":"Patient-Reported Outcomes and Experiences with Population Genetic Testing Offered Through a Primary Care Network","volume":"25","author":"Lemke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genet. Test. Mol. Biomark."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1038\/jhg.2015.151","article-title":"Global trends on fears and concerns of genetic discrimination: A systematic literature review","volume":"61","author":"Wauters","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2021.08.004","article-title":"The Genetic Discrimination Observatory: Confronting novel issues in genetic discrimination","volume":"37","author":"Joly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1002\/jgc4.1427","article-title":"Genetic discrimination views in online discussion forums: Perspectives from Canadian forumites","volume":"30","author":"Pinkesz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Genet. Couns."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.12931","article-title":"Characterizing Pharmacogenetic Testing Among Children\u2019s Hospitals","volume":"14","author":"Brown","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/cge.12065","article-title":"Knowledge of the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination act among individuals affected by Huntington disease","volume":"84","author":"Dorsey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Genet."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s10897-011-9405-6","article-title":"Family physicians\u2019 awareness and knowledge of the Genetic Information Non-Discrimination Act (GINA)","volume":"21","author":"Laedtke","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Genet. Couns."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lemke, A.A., Amendola, L.M., Kuchta, K., Dunnenberger, H.M., Thompson, J., Johnson, C., Ilbawi, N., Oshman, L., and Hulick, P.J. (2020). Primary Care Physician Experiences with Integrated Population-Scale Genetic Testing: A Mixed-Methods Assessment. J. Pers. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm10040165"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s10897-012-9547-1","article-title":"NSGC practice guideline: Risk assessment and genetic counseling for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer","volume":"22","author":"Berliner","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Genet. Couns."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1007\/s10897-014-9743-2","article-title":"Genetic information, non-discrimination, and privacy protections in genetic counseling practice","volume":"23","author":"Prince","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Genet. Couns."},{"key":"ref_155","first-page":"424","article-title":"Do physicians think genomic medicine will be useful for patient care?","volume":"11","author":"Raghavan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pers. Med."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0004.2012.01908.x","article-title":"Primary care physicians\u2019 knowledge of and experience with pharmacogenetic testing","volume":"82","author":"Haga","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Genet."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm4010035","article-title":"Physician Attitudes toward Adopting Genome-Guided Prescribing through Clinical Decision Support","volume":"4","author":"Overby","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pers. Med."},{"key":"ref_158","first-page":"145","article-title":"Pharmacogenomic knowledge gaps and educational resource needs among physicians in selected specialties","volume":"7","author":"Dickinson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmgenom. Pers. Med."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.1364","article-title":"Stakeholder views on pharmacogenomic testing","volume":"34","author":"Patel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.5455\/jcme.20150408050414","article-title":"Perceptions of Personalized Medicine in an Academic Health System: Educational Findings","volume":"3","author":"Vorderstrasse","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Med. Educ."},{"key":"ref_161","first-page":"e626","article-title":"Primary care providers\u2019 experiences with and perceptions of personalized genomic medicine","volume":"62","author":"Carroll","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.2217\/pgs-2016-0138","article-title":"A nationwide survey of pharmacists\u2019 perception of pharmacogenetics in the context of a clinical decision support system containing pharmacogenetics dosing recommendations","volume":"18","author":"Bank","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics"},{"key":"ref_163","first-page":"1","article-title":"Standards-Based Clinical Decision Support Platform to Manage Patients Who Meet Guideline-Based Criteria for Genetic Evaluation of Familial Cancer","volume":"4","author":"Kohlmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCO Clin. Cancer Inform."},{"key":"ref_164","first-page":"704","article-title":"Evaluation of a Clinical Decision Support System for the Prescription of Genetic Tests in the Gynecological Cancer Risk","volume":"264","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stud. Health Technol. Inform."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-013-1358-y","article-title":"Evaluation of a novel electronic genetic screening and clinical decision support tool in prenatal clinical settings","volume":"18","author":"Edelman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Matern. Child. Health J."},{"key":"ref_166","first-page":"20190033","article-title":"Using a pharmacogenetic clinical decision support system to improve psychopharmacotherapy dosing in patients with affective disorders","volume":"35","author":"Zastrozhin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Pers. Ther."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1136\/amiajnl-2013-001873","article-title":"Integrating pharmacogenetic information and clinical decision support into the electronic health record","volume":"21","author":"Goldspiel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/5\/2052\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:43:13Z","timestamp":1760028193000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/5\/2052"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]]},"references-count":167,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26052052"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26052052","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1422-0067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]]}}}