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The biological effects of NPs depend on their chemical and physical properties, which influence toxicity and interactions with biological systems. Studies in animal models, such as Daphnia magna and Danio rerio, show that NPs induce oxidative stress, inflammation, DNA damage, and metabolic alterations, often related to charge and particle size. NPs affect endocrine functions by acting as endocrine disruptors, interfering with thyroid and sex hormones and showing potential transgenerational effects through epigenetic modifications, including DNA hyper- and hypomethylation. Behavioral and neurofunctional alterations have been observed in Danio rerio and mouse models, suggesting a link between NP exposure and neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin. Despite limited human studies, the presence of NPs in breast milk and placenta underscores the need for further investigation of health effects. Research focusing on genetic and epigenetic markers is encouraged to elucidate the molecular mechanisms and potential risks associated with chronic exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26052071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T03:37:57Z","timestamp":1740627477000},"page":"2071","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Nanoplastics as Gene and Epigenetic Modulators of Endocrine Functions: A Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3978-2850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Aloisi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, I-67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8627-6646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Maria Giuseppina","family":"Poma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, I-67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09506-1","article-title":"The rise in ocean plastics evidenced from a 60-year time series","volume":"10","author":"Ostle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. 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