{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T19:31:05Z","timestamp":1790278265920,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) has emerged as a promising scaffold for drug delivery, particularly in the context of antimicrobial therapies. This systematic review evaluates the incorporation of antibiotics into PRF to determine its efficacy as a localized antimicrobial delivery system compared to plain PRF without antibiotics. A systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, including 13 in vitro studies with a moderate risk of bias. Antibiotics were incorporated into PRF using different methodologies, including systemic administration before blood collection, addition to blood before centrifugation, and injection into formed PRF matrices. Outcomes were analyzed regarding antibacterial efficacy, structural integrity of PRF, and release kinetics. Antibiotic-enhanced PRF demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against various bacterial strains. The efficacy of the enhanced PRF was dependent on the type of antibiotic, its concentration, and incorporation method. Encapsulation approaches facilitated a sustained antibiotic release, while higher antibiotic concentrations occasionally disrupted PRF integrity. Systemic administration of antibiotics before blood collection enriches PRF effectively, producing significant inhibition zones. The antibacterial effects of PRF outperformed alternative carriers, such as collagen sponges. Antibiotic-loaded PRF is a potent tool for localized antimicrobial delivery, with promising applications in clinical settings. Further research is needed to standardize preparation protocols and explore the impact of different antibiotic delivery methods on PRF\u2019s regenerative properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26052140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T02:48:37Z","timestamp":1740710917000},"page":"2140","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Antibiotic-Loaded Platelet-Rich Fibrin (AL-PRF) as a New Carrier for Antimicrobials: A Systematic Review of In Vitro Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0172-0571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Niemczyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontal Diseases and Oral Mucosa Diseases, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Pl. Traugutta 2, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacek","family":"\u017burek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Specialist Medical Practice, PolneWzg\u00f3rze 11 Street, 32-300 Olkusz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5236-2298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stanis\u0142aw","family":"Niemczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Municipal Hospital No. 4 in Gliwice, Zygmunta Starego 20, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4013-6688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"K\u0119pa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of 7 Silesia in Katowice, Jagiello\u0144ska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Zi\u0119ba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Oncological Laryngology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 10 C. Sk\u0142odowskiej Street, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Misio\u0142ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Oncological Laryngology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 10 C. Sk\u0142odowskiej Street, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5673-7413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"Wiench","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontal Diseases and Oral Mucosa Diseases, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Pl. Traugutta 2, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.1990.30790385523.x","article-title":"Platelet Activation during Preparation of Platelet Concentrates: A Comparison of the Platelet-rich Plasma and the Buffy Coat Methods","volume":"30","author":"Fijnheer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-017-2133-z","article-title":"Use of Platelet-Rich Fibrin in Regenerative Dentistry: A Systematic Review","volume":"21","author":"Miron","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niemczyk, W., Janik, K., \u017burek, J., Skaba, D., and Wiench, R. (2024). 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