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The retention and release of nanoplastics (NPs) with carboxyl (NPs-COOH) or amino functionalization (NPs- NH2) in saturated porous media were investigated under varying conditions of ionic strength (IS), MBC addition, humic acid (HA) concentration, and cation types. The reversible and irreversible retention of NPs was examined by altering the IS, increasing the solution pH, and inducing cation exchange. The results revealed that MBC enhanced the surface roughness of the media, thereby inhibiting NPs\u2019 transport. The HA promoted NPs-NH2 transport more effectively than NPs-COOH due to electrostatic repulsion, steric hindrance, and competition for deposition sites. Under a reduced IS and increased pH, a portion of the retained NPs was released, with NPs-NH2 showing a greater release than NPs-COOH, indicating reversible retention. Additionally, the stronger charge-shielding and cation-bridging effects of Ca2+ significantly enhanced the retention of NPs. Cation exchange resulted in less NPs being released, as most were irreversibly retained in deeper primary minima. However, a small number of retained NPs were remobilized by electrical double layer expansion, surface deprotonation, and cation exchange, indicating reversible retention. These findings provide valuable insights into the fate of NPs in the environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26052207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T10:12:33Z","timestamp":1740737553000},"page":"2207","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Coupled Influence of Magnetic Biochar and Solution Chemistries on Retention and Release of Nanoplastics in Porous Media"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Qin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants Monitoring, Early Warning and Environmental Health Risk Assessment, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants Monitoring, Early Warning and Environmental Health Risk Assessment, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongtao","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants Monitoring, Early Warning and Environmental Health Risk Assessment, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c07035","article-title":"Photo-oxidation of Micro- and Nanoplastics: Physical, Chemical, and Biological Effects in Environments","volume":"58","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. 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