{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T12:24:34Z","timestamp":1787228674910,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation (NRF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2023-00302751"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00302751"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-invasive, non-contact, and painless methods of electrical stimulation to enhance neural function have been widely studied in recent years, particularly in the context of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) and related dementias, which cause cognitive decline and other neurological symptoms. Radiofrequency (RF), which is a rate of oscillation in the range of 3 kHz to 300 GHz (3 THz), has been suggested as one potential non-contact neuronal stimulation (NCNS) technique for improving brain function. A new type of electrical stimulation uses a radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF). RF exposure has been shown to modulate neural stimulation and influence various brain activities in in vitro and in vivo models. Recent studies have explored the effects of RF-EMF on human physiology, particularly in areas such as brain activity, cognition, and sleep behavior. In this review, we summarize recent findings about the effects of non-contact stimulations in in vitro studies, in vivo animal models, and human clinical cases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26052268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T03:26:21Z","timestamp":1741058781000},"page":"2268","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Brain Disease-Modifying Effects of Radiofrequency as a Non-Contact Neuronal Stimulation Technology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Shulei","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Life Sciences, Institute for Precision Therapeutics, Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junsoo","family":"Bok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Digital Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04736, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1574-9009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongwoo","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Digital Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04736, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04736, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyemyung","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Life Sciences, Institute for Precision Therapeutics, Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14597","article-title":"Effects of electromagnetic fields on neuronal ion channels: A systematic review","volume":"1499","author":"Bertagna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. 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