{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:49:20Z","timestamp":1787028560517,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["12105313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12105313"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Low-dose ionizing radiation (LDIR) is a prevalent environmental factor with profound impacts on male reproductive health, particularly on the testicular immune microenvironment. This review examines the multifaceted effects of LDIR, emphasizing its ability to induce genotoxic stress, oxidative damage, and epigenetic modifications in reproductive cells. These alterations compromise DNA repair, disrupt chromatin structure, and induce immune dysregulation. Immune cells such as macrophages, T cells, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells exhibit significant functional changes under LDIR exposure, destabilizing the immune privilege critical for normal spermatogenesis. The long-term health implications of LDIR include impaired sperm quality, reduced fertility, and transgenerational risks through heritable genomic instability. This review underscores the importance of exploring the mechanisms underlying immune dysregulation and developing effective protective strategies. While LDIR\u2019s full impact on male reproductive health remains to be elucidated, addressing the gaps in our understanding of immune microenvironmental changes is crucial for mitigating its adverse effects and improving reproductive health outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26052269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T04:58:17Z","timestamp":1741064297000},"page":"2269","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Low-Dose Ionizing Radiation and Male Reproductive Immunity: Elucidating Subtle Modulations and Long-Term Health Implications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Jiacheng","family":"Yin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuankai","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muzhe","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengkui","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhui","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"An","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"633","article-title":"Effect of low dose ionizing radiation on peripheral blood cells of radiation workers in nuclear power industry","volume":"38","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. 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