{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T23:16:44Z","timestamp":1785885404971,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bio&amp;Medical Technology Development Program of the National Research Foundation (NRF) funded by the Korean government (MSIT)","award":["RS-2022-NR067388"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2022-NR067388"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The application of light-emitting diode (LED)-dependent photobiomodulation (PBM) in promoting post-tendon injury healing has been recently reported. Despite establishing a theoretical basis for ligament restoration through PBM, identifying effective LED wavelength combinations and ensuring safety in animal models remain unresolved challenges. In our previous study, we demonstrated that combined irradiation at 630 nm and 880 nm promotes cell proliferation and migration, which are critical processes during the early stage of tendon healing in human-derived tendon fibroblasts. Based on this, we hypothesized that 630\/880 nm LED-based PBM might promote rapid healing during the initial phase of tendon healing, and we aimed to analyze the results after PBM treatment in a murine model. Migration kinetics were analyzed at two specific wavelengths: 630 and 880 nm. The Achilles tendon in the hind limbs of Balb\/c mice was severed by Achilles tendon transection. Subsequently, the mice were randomized into LED non-irradiation and LED irradiation groups. Mice with intact tendons were employed as healthy controls. The total number of mice was 13 for the healthy and injured groups and 14 for the LED-irradiated injured group, and the data presented in this manuscript were obtained from one representative experiment (n = 4\u20135 per group). The wounds were LED-irradiated for 20 min daily for two days. Histological properties, tendon healing mediators, and inflammatory mediators were screened on day 14. The roundness of the nuclei and fiber structure, indicating the degree of infiltrated inflammatory cells and severity of fiber fragmentation, respectively, were lower in the LED irradiation group than in the LED non-irradiation group. Immunohistochemical analysis depicted an increase in tenocytes (SCX+ cells) and recovery of wounds with reduced fibrosis (lower collagen 3 and TGF-\u03b21) in the LED irradiation group during healing; conversely, the LED non-irradiation group exhibited tissue fibrosis. Overall, the ratio of M2 macrophages to total macrophages in the LED irradiation group was higher than that in the injured group. LED-based PBM in the Achilles tendon rupture murine model facilitated a rapid restoration of histological and immunochemical outcomes. These findings suggest that LED-based PBM presents remarkable potential as an adjunct therapeutic approach for tendon healing and warrants further research to standardize various parameters to advance and establish it as a reliable treatment regimen.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26052286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T10:43:31Z","timestamp":1741085011000},"page":"2286","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Efficacy of Light-Emitting Diode-Mediated Photobiomodulation in Tendon Healing in a Murine Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Jae Kyung","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4323-4790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae Ho","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6649-8783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gyu Tae","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung Hun","family":"Woo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 56012, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1776-7254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minkyoung","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0883-2461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suk Woong","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 56012, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2017.4332","article-title":"The history of photobiomodulation: Endre mester (1903\u20131984)","volume":"35","author":"Mester","year":"2017","journal-title":"Photomed. 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