{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T15:07:20Z","timestamp":1789052840727,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation (NSF)","award":["1841793"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1841793"]}]},{"name":"College of Science at George Mason University","award":["1841793"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1841793"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Feedstock plants for biofuel production can be cultivated on polluted sites that are unsuitable for edible crop production. This approach combines environmental restoration and renewable energy production, therefore enhancing the economic viability of plant-derived biofuels. Previous studies have indicated that exposure to environmental pollutants may elevate lignin levels in exposed plants, potentially impacting the biomass digestibility and the efficiency of bioethanol conversion. In this study, we investigated the impact of the antimicrobial agent chlortetracycline on lignin biosynthesis in the reference organism Arabidopsis thaliana. Toxicity testing showed that exposure to chlortetracycline significantly reduced plant growth at concentrations above 2.5 mg L\u22121. Using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, we observed a significant increase in the lignin signature, ranging from 16 to 40%, in plants exposed to chlortetracycline as compared to non-exposed control plants. Transcriptomic analysis (RNA sequencing) was conducted to determine the molecular basis of plant response to chlortetracycline, revealing significant enrichment of several genes involved in lignin biosynthesis and the phenylpropanoid pathway, including cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase and peroxidases. Exposure to chlortetracycline also resulted in the overexpression of genes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotic compounds, including cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, glutathione S-transferases, and glycosyltransferases. Chlortetracycline also induced several genes involved in plant response to stress and defense mechanisms, including transcription factors (e.g., WRKY, MYB, AP2\/ERF families), pathogenesis-related proteins, and genes involved in stress signaling. These results suggest that the antibiotic chlortetracycline triggers multiple stress responses in A. thaliana, which may cause changes in lignin biosynthesis, reductions in plant growth, increases in the lignin content, and induction of defense metabolic pathways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26052288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T13:31:31Z","timestamp":1741095091000},"page":"2288","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Effects of Chlortetracycline on Lignin Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1906-0770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron","family":"Newborn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayesha","family":"Karamat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science & Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6639-4442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benoit","family":"Van Aken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2018.01427","article-title":"Regulation of Lignin Biosynthesis and Its Role in Growth-Defense Tradeoffs","volume":"9","author":"Xie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. 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