{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T04:39:15Z","timestamp":1791088755647,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]],"date-time":"2025-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741132800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University of Bialystok, Poland","award":["133-34-791L"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["133-34-791L"]}]},{"name":"Medical University of Bialystok, Poland","award":["B.SUB.23.331\/01.S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B.SUB.23.331\/01.S"]}]},{"name":"Medical University of Bialystok, Poland","award":["B.SUB.23.611.01.S."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B.SUB.23.611.01.S."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of titanium implants (Ti6Al4V) on the surrounding tissues by analyzing the concentration of titanium particles, TNF-\u03b1, and caspase-3 in patients treated for jaw fractures and dentofacial deformities. The research material consisted of peri-implant tissues: fragments of periosteum adhering to a titanium miniplate and blood serum collected from 42 patients treated for mandibular fractures (Group I), and dentofacial deformities (Group II) who underwent bimaxillary osteotomy. The control group consisted of 24 generally healthy patients before bimaxillary osteotomy. The concentrations of selected cytokines, caspase-3, TNF-\u03b1 in blood serum, and homogenized tissues, were determined using the immunoenzymatic method (ELISA). The concentration of titanium particles was assessed using a scanning electron microscope equipped with an X-ray microanalyzer. A significant increase in the concentration of titanium, caspase-3, and TNF-\u03b1 was observed in serum and periosteum in all patients who underwent bone fixation. Increased TNF-\u03b1 levels indicate an intense immune response, which may lead to the degradation of peri-implant tissues and bone resorption around the miniplates and screws, while an increase in caspase-3 levels suggests that cells surrounding the implants are destroyed in response to inflammatory stress or damage induced by the presence of titanium particles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26052316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]],"date-time":"2025-03-05T05:54:38Z","timestamp":1741154078000},"page":"2316","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Evaluation of Titanium Particles, TNF-\u03b1, and Caspase-3 Concentrations in Patients with Bones Fixations of the Maxilla and Mandibule"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Bo\u017cena","family":"Antonowicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Surgery, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8363-9090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u017baneta Anna","family":"Mierzejewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Department, Bialystok University of Technology, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Borys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mateusz","family":"Maciejczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4476-8831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u0142awomir","family":"Prokopiuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Lomza, 18-400 Lomza, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Halina","family":"Car","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-295 Bialystok, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e753","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000006630","article-title":"Surgical treatment of bilateral atrophic mandible fracture","volume":"31","author":"Florentino","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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