{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:49:18Z","timestamp":1787028558815,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea","award":["NRF-2018R1D1A3B07048602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2018R1D1A3B07048602"]}]},{"name":"government of the Republic of Korea","award":["NRF-2018R1D1A3B07048602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2018R1D1A3B07048602"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abnormal epigenetic reprogramming of nuclear-transferred (NT) embryos leads to the limited efficiency of producing cloned animals. Trichostatin A (TSA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, improves NT embryo development, but its role in histone acetylation in porcine embryos cloned with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is not fully understood. This study aimed to compare the effects of TSA on embryo development, histone acetylation patterns, and key epigenetic-related genes between in vitro fertilization (IVF), NT-MSC, and 40 nM TSA-treated NT-MSC (T-NT-MSC). The results demonstrated an increase in the blastocyst rate from 13.7% to 32.5% in the T-NT-MSC, and the transcription levels of CDX2, NANOG, and IGF2R were significantly elevated in T-NT-MSC compared to NT-MSC. TSA treatment also led to increased fluorescence intensity of acH3K9 and acH3K18 during early embryo development but did not differ in acH4K12 levels. The expression of epigenetic-related genes (HDAC1, HDAC2, CBP, p300, DNMT3a, and DNMT1) in early pre-implantation embryos followed a pattern similar to IVF embryos. In conclusion, TSA treatment improves the in vitro development of porcine embryos cloned with MSCs by increasing histone acetylation, modifying chromatin structure, and enhancing the expression of key genes, resulting in profiles similar to those of IVF embryos.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26052359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T06:02:13Z","timestamp":1741240933000},"page":"2359","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Trichostatin A-Induced Epigenetic Modifications and Their Influence on the Development of Porcine Cloned Embryos Derived from Bone Marrow\u2013Mesenchymal Stem Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Seung-Chan","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Central Research Center, Apures, Inc., Hansan-gil, Pyeongtaek-si 17792, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1462-7798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Won-Jae","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young-Bum","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, 300 Yonbongdong, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6783-7970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yeung Bae","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyeon-Jeong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eunyeong","family":"Bok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Animal Diseases & Health, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8024-1135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sangyeob","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Animal Diseases & Health, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2297-0951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang-Yun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7902-8521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chan-Hee","family":"Jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7363-2995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tae-Seok","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4972-2755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chae-Yeon","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seo-Yoon","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gyu-Jin","family":"Rho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0788-4745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong-Ho","family":"Choe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1055-8097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sung-Lim","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1071\/RD06089","article-title":"Somatic cell nuclear transfer in pigs: Recent achievements and future possibilities","volume":"19","author":"Vajta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reprod. 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