{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T19:16:56Z","timestamp":1791227816973,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Fund","award":["2022-PUMCH-C-023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-PUMCH-C-023"]}]},{"name":"National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Fund","award":["82170855"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82170855"]}]},{"name":"National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Fund","award":["82470873"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82470873"]}]},{"name":"National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Fund","award":["Z-2017-26-1902-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z-2017-26-1902-3"]}]},{"name":"National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Fund","award":["3332022106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3332022106"]}]},{"name":"National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Fund","award":["3332021094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3332021094"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022-PUMCH-C-023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-PUMCH-C-023"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82170855"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82170855"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82470873"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82470873"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["Z-2017-26-1902-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z-2017-26-1902-3"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["3332022106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3332022106"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["3332021094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3332021094"]}]},{"name":"Senmei China Diabetes Research Fund","award":["2022-PUMCH-C-023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-PUMCH-C-023"]}]},{"name":"Senmei China Diabetes Research Fund","award":["82170855"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82170855"]}]},{"name":"Senmei China Diabetes Research Fund","award":["82470873"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82470873"]}]},{"name":"Senmei China Diabetes Research Fund","award":["Z-2017-26-1902-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z-2017-26-1902-3"]}]},{"name":"Senmei China Diabetes Research Fund","award":["3332022106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3332022106"]}]},{"name":"Senmei China Diabetes Research Fund","award":["3332021094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3332021094"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["2022-PUMCH-C-023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-PUMCH-C-023"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["82170855"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82170855"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["82470873"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82470873"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["Z-2017-26-1902-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z-2017-26-1902-3"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["3332022106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3332022106"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["3332021094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3332021094"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetes wound healing presents several significant challenges, which can complicate recovery and lead to severe consequences. Polyethylene glycol loxenatide (PEG-loxe), a long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA), shows cardiovascular benefits, yet its role in diabetic wound healing remains unclear. Diabetic mice received PEG-loxe (0.03 mg\/kg\/week, i.p.) for three months. Glucose metabolism was evaluated using the insulin tolerance test (ITT) and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Wound closure rates and angiogenesis-related proteins were analyzed. Serum proteomics was performed using the Olink assay to evaluate systemic inflammation. In vitro, human endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) were exposed to high glucose and palmitic acid, with or without PEG-loxe treatment. EPC tube formation and migratory capacity were evaluated using the tube formation assay and migration assay, respectively. Levels of nitric oxide (NO) and phosphorylated endothelial nitric oxide synthase (p-eNOS) were quantified. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and mitochondrial membrane potential were assessed using MitoSOX and JC-1 staining. Cellular respiratory function was analyzed via the Seahorse XF assay. Autophagy was evaluated by examining the expression of autophagy-related proteins and the colocalization of mitochondria with lysosomes. PEG-loxe improved glucose tolerance, accelerated wound closure, and upregulated the hypoxia-inducible factor-1\u03b1\/vascular endothelial growth factor\/stromal cell-derived factor-1 axis (HIF-1\u03b1\/VEGF\/SDF-1) in diabetic mice. Serum proteomics revealed reduced pro-inflammatory markers and elevated anti-inflammatory IL-5. In vitro, PEG-loxe restored EPC function by enhancing NO production, reducing mitochondrial ROS, improving cellular respiratory function, and restoring autophagic flux. These findings suggest that PEG-loxe offers therapeutic benefits for diabetic wound healing by downregulating systemic inflammation, enhancing angiogenesis, and improving mitochondrial quality control in EPCs, highlighting GLP-1RAs as potential therapies for diabetic vascular complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26052367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T09:59:17Z","timestamp":1741255157000},"page":"2367","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Polyethylene Glycol Loxenatide Accelerates Diabetic Wound Healing by Downregulating Systemic Inflammation and Improving Endothelial Progenitor Cell Functions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Zerui","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Endocrinology National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunru","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Endocrinology National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojun","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Endocrinology National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuqi","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Endocrinology National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jieying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Endocrinology National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"},{"name":"Center for Biomarker Discovery and Validation, National Infrastructures for Translational Medicine (PUMCH), Institute of Clinical Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Endocrinology National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487319878371","article-title":"Diabetes as a Cardiovascular Risk Factor: An Overview of Global Trends of Macro and Micro Vascular Complications","volume":"26","author":"Ceriello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burgess, J.L., Wyant, W.A., Abdo Abujamra, B., Kirsner, R.S., and Jozic, I. (2021). Diabetic Wound-Healing Science. Medicina, 57.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57101072"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okonkwo, U.A., and DiPietro, L.A. (2017). Diabetes and Wound Angiogenesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18071419"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(21)00203-5","article-title":"Cardiovascular, Mortality, and Kidney Outcomes with GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Trials","volume":"9","author":"Sattar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-022-07360-w","article-title":"Effects of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist (GLP-1RA) on Cardiac Structure and Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized-Controlled Trials","volume":"38","author":"Wong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-022-01686-3","article-title":"Protection against Stroke with Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists: A Comprehensive Review of Potential Mechanisms","volume":"21","author":"Aboyans","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-023-00849-3","article-title":"Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists: Cardiovascular Benefits and Mechanisms of Action","volume":"20","author":"Ussher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, F., He, L., Li, J., Yang, S., Zhang, B., Zhu, D., Wu, Z., Zhang, S., Hou, D., and Ouyang, C. (2022). Polyethylene Glycol Loxenatide Injection (GLP-1) Protects Vascular Endothelial Cell Function in Middle-Aged and Elderly Patients with Type 2 Diabetes by Regulating Gut Microbiota. Front. Mol. Biosci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2022.879294"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, J., Wang, Y., Wang, D., Yan, H., and Wang, N. (2023). Loxenatide Attenuates ROS-Mediated Vascular Endothelial Progenitor Cell Damage and Mitochondrial Dysfunction via SIRT3\/Foxo3 Signaling Pathway. J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol., 37.","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.23452"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-020-01551-3","article-title":"Exendin-4 Reverses High Glucose-Induced Endothelial Progenitor Cell Dysfunction via SDF-1\u03b2\/CXCR7-AMPK\/P38-MAPK\/IL-6 Axis","volume":"57","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2023.110688","article-title":"Circulating Levels of Endothelial Progenitor Cells Are Associated with Better Cognitive Function in Older Adults with Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonist-Treated Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"200","author":"Longo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2004.11.067","article-title":"Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells Are Reduced in Peripheral Vascular Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"45","author":"Fadini","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2666","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-1687","article-title":"Circulating Progenitor Cell Count Predicts Microvascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetic Patients","volume":"100","author":"Rigato","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5302.964","article-title":"Isolation of Putative Progenitor Endothelial Cells for Angiogenesis","volume":"275","author":"Asahara","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000114236.77009.06","article-title":"Characterization of Two Types of Endothelial Progenitor Cells and Their Different Contributions to Neovasculogenesis","volume":"24","author":"Hur","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"10","article-title":"Circulating and Tissue Resident Endothelial Progenitor Cells","volume":"229","author":"Basile","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-016-0408-3","article-title":"Metformin Improves the Angiogenic Functions of Endothelial Progenitor Cells via Activating AMPK\/eNOS Pathway in Diabetic Mice","volume":"15","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-022-01013-2","article-title":"GDF11 Promotes Wound Healing in Diabetic Mice via Stimulating HIF-1\u03b1-VEGF\/SDF-1\u03b1-Mediated Endothelial Progenitor Cell Mobilization and Neovascularization","volume":"44","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2005.02.002","article-title":"Homing to Hypoxia: HIF-1 as a Mediator of Progenitor Cell Recruitment to Injured Tissue","volume":"15","author":"Ceradini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-0187","article-title":"The Oral Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor Sitagliptin Increases Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Possible Role of Stromal-Derived Factor-1\u03b1","volume":"33","author":"Fadini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10930","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M707451200","article-title":"Decreasing Intracellular Superoxide Corrects Defective Ischemia-Induced New Vessel Formation in Diabetic Mice","volume":"283","author":"Ceradini","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cunnion, K.M., Krishna, N.K., Pallera, H.K., Pineros-Fernandez, A., Rivera, M.G., Hair, P.S., Lassiter, B.P., Huyck, R., Clements, M.A., and Hood, A.F. (2017). Complement Activation and STAT4 Expression Are Associated with Early Inflammation in Diabetic Wounds. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170500"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.123.323071","article-title":"Neutrophils for Revascularization Require Activation of CCR6 and CCL20 by TNF\u03b1","volume":"133","author":"Harzenetter","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-0699","article-title":"Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Uncoupling Impairs Endothelial Progenitor Cell Mobilization and Function in Diabetes","volume":"56","author":"Thum","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F\u00f6rstermann, U., and Sessa, W.C. (2012). Nitric Oxide Synthases: Regulation and Function. Eur. Heart J., 33.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr304"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e104705","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2020104705","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms and Physiological Functions of Mitophagy","volume":"40","author":"Onishi","year":"2021","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a041172","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a041172","article-title":"Targeting Angiogenesis via Resolution of Inflammation","volume":"13","author":"Kelly","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, C.-P., Lin, F.-Y., Huang, P.-H., Chen, Y.-L., Chen, W.-C., Chen, H.-Y., Huang, Y.-C., Liao, W.-L., Huang, H.-C., and Liu, P.-L. (2013). Endothelial Progenitor Cell Dysfunction in Cardiovascular Diseases: Role of Reactive Oxygen Species and Inflammation. BioMed Res. Int., 2013.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/845037"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-1508","article-title":"Exenatide Exerts a Potent Antiinflammatory Effect","volume":"97","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ridiandries, A., Tan, J.T.M., and Bursill, C.A. (2018). The Role of Chemokines in Wound Healing. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19103217"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-0589","article-title":"Foxo1 Inhibits Diabetic Mucosal Wound Healing but Enhances Healing of Normoglycemic Wounds","volume":"64","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6425","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26429","article-title":"Macrophage Plasticity, Polarization, and Function in Health and Disease","volume":"233","author":"Mohammadian","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Sadoun, H. (2022). Macrophage Phenotypes in Normal and Diabetic Wound Healing and Therapeutic Interventions. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11152430"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6482","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.10.6482","article-title":"Th1- and Th2-Dependent Endothelial Progenitor Cell Recruitment and Angiogenic Switch in Asthma","volume":"178","author":"Asosingh","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2018.06.021","article-title":"Interleukin-5 Suppresses Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-Induced Angiogenesis through STAT5 Signaling","volume":"110","author":"Bucher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.110196","article-title":"Semaglutide Alleviates Inflammation-Induced Endothelial Progenitor Cells Injury by Inhibiting MiR-155 Expression in Macrophage Exosomes","volume":"119","author":"Pan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tecilazich, F., Dinh, T., Pradhan-Nabzdyk, L., Leal, E., Tellechea, A., Kafanas, A., Gnardellis, C., Magargee, M.L., Dejam, A., and Toxavidis, V. (2013). Role of Endothelial Progenitor Cells and Inflammatory Cytokines in Healing of Diabetic Foot Ulcers. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0083314"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.2174\/156652408786733685","article-title":"Decreased Vascular Repair and Neovascularization with Ageing: Mechanisms and Clinical Relevance with an Emphasis on Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1","volume":"8","author":"Hoenig","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1075","article-title":"Progenitor Cell Trafficking Is Regulated by Hypoxic Gradients through HIF-1 Induction of SDF-1","volume":"10","author":"Ceradini","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2016.10.014","article-title":"Modulating Putative Endothelial Progenitor Cells for the Treatment of Endothelial Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Complications in Diabetes","volume":"170","author":"Wils","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e101812","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2019101812","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species Are Essential for Autophagy and Specifically Regulate the Activity of Atg4","volume":"38","author":"Shvets","year":"2019","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2022.2038898","article-title":"Mitochondrial Respiration Supports Autophagy to Provide Stress Resistance during Quiescence","volume":"18","author":"Blecha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.1161\/RES.0000000000000104","article-title":"Mitochondrial Function, Biology, and Role in Disease: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"118","author":"Murphy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-020-0230-3","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) as Pleiotropic Physiological Signalling Agents","volume":"21","author":"Sies","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janaszak-Jasiecka, A., P\u0142oska, A., Wiero\u0144ska, J.M., Dobrucki, L.W., and Kalinowski, L. (2023). Endothelial Dysfunction Due to eNOS Uncoupling: Molecular Mechanisms as Potential Therapeutic Targets. Cell. Mol. Biol. Lett., 28.","DOI":"10.1186\/s11658-023-00423-2"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20111451","article-title":"Autophagy, Mitochondria and Oxidative Stress: Cross-Talk and Redox Signalling","volume":"441","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-1103","article-title":"High Glucose Impairs Early and Late Endothelial Progenitor Cells by Modifying Nitric Oxide-Related but Not Oxidative Stress-Mediated Mechanisms","volume":"56","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016070731","article-title":"High-Fat Diet-Induced Lysosomal Dysfunction and Impaired Autophagic Flux Contribute to Lipotoxicity in the Kidney","volume":"28","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2018100983","article-title":"Proximal Tubule Autophagy Differs in Type 1 and 2 Diabetes","volume":"30","author":"Sakai","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2022.111560","article-title":"Liraglutide Prevents High Glucose Induced HUVECs Dysfunction via Inhibition of PINK1\/Parkin-Dependent Mitophagy","volume":"545","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-024-00715-1","article-title":"Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Skin Wound Healing","volume":"25","author":"Martin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1038\/JID.2015.406","article-title":"IL-33-Dependent Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells Promote Cutaneous Wound Healing","volume":"136","author":"Rak","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gene.6364046","article-title":"Polymorphisms in the Interleukin-20 Gene: Relationships to Plaque-Type Psoriasis","volume":"5","author":"Kingo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Genes Immun."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keermann, M., K\u00f5ks, S., Reimann, E., Prans, E., Abram, K., and Kingo, K. (2015). Transcriptional Landscape of Psoriasis Identifies the Involvement of IL36 and IL36RN. BMC Genom., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-015-1508-2"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2015.06.056","article-title":"The Pro-Healing Effect of Exendin-4 on Wounds Produced by Abrasion in Normoglycemic Mice","volume":"764","author":"Bacci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2018.10.013","article-title":"Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Analogue Liraglutide Facilitates Wound Healing by Activating PI3K\/Akt Pathway in Keratinocytes","volume":"146","author":"Nagae","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.114050","article-title":"Pro-Healing Impact of Liraglutide on Skin Wounds in Normoglycemic Mice","volume":"147","author":"Yue","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-023-05905-8","article-title":"GLP-1R Agonists Demonstrate Potential to Treat Wolfram Syndrome in Human Preclinical Models","volume":"66","author":"Gorgogietas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00f5ks, S. (2023). Genomics of Wolfram Syndrome 1 (WFS1). Biomolecules, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13091346"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-021-01729-3","article-title":"Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists (GLP1-RA) in the Treatment of Mitochondrial Diabetes","volume":"58","author":"Lebbar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"e64647","article-title":"Visualizing Mitophagy with Fluorescent Dyes for Mitochondria and Lysosome","volume":"189","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/5\/2367\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:48:26Z","timestamp":1760028506000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/5\/2367"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26052367"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26052367","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]}}}