{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T04:08:33Z","timestamp":1788322113356,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741305600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brazil (CAPES)","award":["20230309"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20230309"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico (CNPq)","award":["20230309"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20230309"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Apoio a pesquisa do Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS)","award":["20230309"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20230309"]}]},{"name":"Research Incentive Fund, from Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre","award":["20230309"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20230309"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Loss of muscle mass and strength is a common condition associated with adverse outcomes in critically ill patients. Here, we determined the correlation between non-thyroidal illness (NTIS) and molecular alterations in the muscle of critically ill individuals. We evaluated deiodinase expression, intramuscular triiodothyronine (T3) levels, and mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum components. The cellular colocalization of the enzymes and its influence on myocytes and genes regulated by T3 were shown, including those of mitochondria. A prospective cohort of 96 patients. Blood and muscular samples were collected on admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), as well as clinical data and ultrasonographic measurements. Patients with NTIS showed increased oxidative stress markers associated with critical illness in muscle biopsy, such as carbonyl content and low sulfhydryl and GSH. The distribution pattern of deiodinases in muscle and its biochemical properties showed significant pathophysiological linkage between NTIS and muscle loss, as type 3-deiodinase (D3) was highly expressed in stem cells, preventing their differentiation in mature myocytes. Despite the high type 2-deiodinase (D2) expression in muscle tissue in the acute phase of critical illness, T3 was unmeasurable in the samples. In this scenario, we also demonstrated impaired expression of glucose transporters GLUT4, IRS1, and 2, which are involved in muscle illness. Here, we provide evidence that altered thyroid hormone metabolism contributes to stem cell dysfunction and further explain the mechanisms underlying critical illness-induced myopathy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26062410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T09:38:46Z","timestamp":1741340326000},"page":"2410","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Induced Types 2 and 3 Deiodinase in Non-Thyroidal Illness Syndrome and the Implications to Critical Illness-Induced Myopathy\u2014A Prospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Andr\u00e9 Cardoso","family":"Braun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine Division, Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90035-003, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thaliane Carvalho","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine Division, Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90035-003, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludmilla C. D.","family":"Thomazini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine Division, Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90035-003, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustavo","family":"Argenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine Division, Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90035-003, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno Jaskulski","family":"Kotzian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine Division, Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90035-003, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine Division, Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90035-003, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Henrique M.","family":"Conte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine Division, Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90035-003, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Zanfir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine Division, Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90035-003, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda C. A.","family":"Souto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine Division, Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90035-003, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruna","family":"Ulian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine Division, Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90035-003, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2392-6247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josi","family":"Vidart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine Division, Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90035-003, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8942-244X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone Magagnin","family":"Wajner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine Division, Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90035-003, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90035-003, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2013.238","article-title":"Thyroid hormones and skeletal muscle\u2014New insights and potential implications","volume":"10","author":"Salvatore","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. 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