{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T02:17:08Z","timestamp":1787624228171,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741305600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P01CA244091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01CA244091"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01CA233958"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA233958"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Blood products, including apheresis platelets and plasma, are essential for medical use but pose risks of bacterial contamination and viral transmission. Platelets are prone to bacterial growth due to their storage conditions, while plasma requires extensive screening. This study explores rapid irradiation as an innovative pathogen reduction method. A clinical linear accelerator was configured to deliver ultra-high dose rate (6 kGy\/min) irradiation to platelet and plasma components. Platelets spiked with Escherichia coli (E. coli; 10\u2075 colony-forming units) were irradiated at 0.1\u201320 kGy, followed by bacterial growth and platelet count analysis. COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) was irradiated at 25 kGy, and receptor-binding domain (RBD)-specific immunoglobulins (Ig) were assessed. Irradiation at 1 kGy reduced E. coli growth by 2.7-log without significant platelet loss, while 5 kGy achieved complete suppression. The estimated 6-log bacterial reduction dose (2.3 kGy) led to a 31% platelet count drop. Administering a 25 kGy virus-sterilizing dose to CCP resulted in a 9.2% decrease in RBD-specific IgG binding. This study demonstrates the proof-of-concept for rapid blood sterilization using a clinical linear accelerator. The method maintains platelet counts and CCP antibody binding at sterilizing doses, highlighting its potential as a point-of-care blood product sterilization solution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26062424","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T12:22:52Z","timestamp":1741350172000},"page":"2424","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Rapid Sterilization of Clinical Apheresis Blood Products Using Ultra-High Dose Rate Radiation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3941-8784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stavros","family":"Melemenidis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khoa D.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford Blood Center, Stanford Health Care, Stanford, CA 94304, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosella","family":"Baraceros-Pineda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy, Center for Innovation to Implementation, Veterans Affairs Health Care, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cherie K.","family":"Barclay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford Blood Center, Stanford Health Care, Stanford, CA 94304, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne","family":"Bautista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford Blood Center, Stanford Health Care, Stanford, CA 94304, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hubert D.","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Ramish","family":"Ashraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rakesh","family":"Manjappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6613-2984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suparna","family":"Dutt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6244-6081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis A.","family":"Soto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikita","family":"Katila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brianna","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8307-9508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vignesh","family":"Viswanathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy S.","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1693-6850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murat","family":"Surucu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrie B.","family":"Skinner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edgar G.","family":"Engleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford Blood Center, Stanford Health Care, Stanford, CA 94304, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"},{"name":"Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"},{"name":"Division of Immunology & Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2521-0544","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Billy W.","family":"Loo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"},{"name":"Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tho D.","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford Blood Center, Stanford Health Care, Stanford, CA 94304, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmrv.2023.150769","article-title":"Leveraging Donor Populations to Study the Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Transfusion-Transmitted and Emerging Infectious Diseases","volume":"37","author":"Bloch","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transfus. 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