{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T21:24:13Z","timestamp":1788989053913,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,9]],"date-time":"2025-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741478400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Iuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca","award":["32153\/2\/16.12.2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32153\/2\/16.12.2024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Podocyte injury plays a central role in both focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and minimal change disease (MCD). Pathogenic mechanisms are diverse and incompletely understood, partially overlap between FSGS and MCD, and are not reflected by kidney biopsy. In order to optimize the current variable response to treatment, personalized management should rely on pathogenesis. One promising approach involves identifying biomarkers associated with specific pathogenic pathways. With the advancement of technology, proteomic studies could be a valuable tool to improve knowledge in this area and define valid biomarkers, as they have in other areas of glomerular disease. This work attempts to cover and discuss the main mechanisms of podocyte injury, followed by a review of the recent literature on proteomic biomarker studies in podocytopathies. Most of these studies have been conducted on biofluids, while tissue proteomic studies applied to podocytopathies remain limited. While we recognize the importance of non-invasive biofluid biomarkers, we propose a sequential approach for their development: tissue proteomics could first identify proteins with increased expression that may reflect underlying disease mechanisms; subsequently, the validation of these proteins in urine or plasma could pave the way to a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker-based approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26062450","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T06:59:59Z","timestamp":1741589999000},"page":"2450","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Spectrum of Minimal Change Disease\/Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis: From Pathogenesis to Proteomic Biomarker Research"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Yuriy","family":"Maslyennikov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7176-8856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrada Alina","family":"B\u0103rar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Crina Claudia","family":"Rusu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alina Ramona","family":"Potra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dacian","family":"Tirinescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3143-4701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Ticala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9928-8443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Urs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9516-0474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioana Ecaterina","family":"Pralea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Personalized Medicine and Rare Diseases, MedFuture\u2014Research Centre for Biomedical Research, \u201cIuliu Ha\u0163ieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0345-0993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina Adela","family":"Iuga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Personalized Medicine and Rare Diseases, MedFuture\u2014Research Centre for Biomedical Research, \u201cIuliu Ha\u0163ieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5463-5317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana Tania","family":"Moldovan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1167-9154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ina Maria","family":"Kacso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1002\/prca.201400159","article-title":"Changing the Concepts of Immune-mediated Glomerular Diseases through Proteomics","volume":"9","author":"Caster","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proteom. Clin. Appl."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.34067\/KID.0000000000000499","article-title":"Minimal Change Disease and FSGS Are a Spectrum of a Single Disease within Immune-Mediated Nephrotic Syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Sim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kidney360"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ravaglia, F., Melica, M.E., Angelotti, M.L., De Chiara, L., Romagnani, P., and Lasagni, L. (2022). The Pathology Lesion Patterns of Podocytopathies: How and Why?. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.838272"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2021.05.021","article-title":"KDIGO 2021 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Glomerular Diseases","volume":"100","author":"Rovin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ishizuka, K., Miura, K., Hashimoto, T., Kaneko, N., Harita, Y., Yabuuchi, T., Hisano, M., Fujinaga, S., Omori, T., and Yamaguchi, Y. (2021). Degree of Foot Process Effacement in Patients with Genetic Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis: A Single-Center Analysis and Review of the Literature. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-91520-9"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2017090958","article-title":"Differentiating Primary, Genetic, and Secondary FSGS in Adults: A Clinicopathologic Approach","volume":"29","author":"Sethi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2016.10.032","article-title":"The Clinical Course of Minimal Change Nephrotic Syndrome with Onset in Adulthood or Late Adolescence: A Case Series","volume":"69","author":"Maas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.31083\/j.fbl2907250","article-title":"Role of Podocyte in Kidney Disease","volume":"29","author":"Husain","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Biosci.-Landmark"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blaine, J., and Dylewski, J. (2020). Regulation of the Actin Cytoskeleton in Podocytes. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9071700"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-024-00815-3","article-title":"Role of Biophysics and Mechanobiology in Podocyte Physiology","volume":"20","author":"Haydak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F333","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00478.2012","article-title":"The Podocyte\u2019s Response to Stress: The Enigma of Foot Process Effacement","volume":"304","author":"Kriz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u0103rar, A.A., Pralea, I.-E., Maslyennikov, Y., Munteanu, R., Berindan-Neagoe, I., P\u00eerlog, R., Rusu, I., Nu\u021bu, A., Rusu, C.C., and Moldovan, D.T. (2024). Minimal Change Disease: Pathogenetic Insights from Glomerular Proteomics. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25115613"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1038\/74139","article-title":"Getting a Foothold in Nephrotic Syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Somlo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mnh.0000165885.85803.a8","article-title":"The Slit Diaphragm: A Signaling Platform to Regulate Podocyte Function","volume":"14","author":"Huber","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mann, N., Sun, H., and Majmundar, A.J. (2024). Mechanisms of Podocyte Injury in Genetic Kidney Disease. Pediatr. Nephrol.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-024-06551-x"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0196-7","article-title":"Podocytopathies","volume":"6","author":"Kopp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1159\/000345255","article-title":"Antiviral Innate Immunity Disturbs Podocyte Cell Function","volume":"5","author":"Yamashita","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Innate Immun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2013.04.017","article-title":"The Antiviral Cytokines IFN-\u03b1 and IFN-\u03b2 Modulate Parietal Epithelial Cells and Promote Podocyte Loss","volume":"183","author":"Migliorini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016050564","article-title":"Transmembrane TNF-\u03b1 Facilitates HIV-1 Infection of Podocytes Cultured from Children with HIV-Associated Nephropathy","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2404211","article-title":"APOL1 Bi- and Monoallelic Variants and Chronic Kidney Disease in West Africans","volume":"392","author":"Gbadegesin","year":"2025","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2011040388","article-title":"APOL1 Genetic Variants in Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis and HIV-Associated Nephropathy","volume":"22","author":"Kopp","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-022-00538-3","article-title":"The Evolving Story of Apolipoprotein L1 Nephropathy: The End of the Beginning","volume":"18","author":"Daneshpajouhnejad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfv090","article-title":"A Circulating Permeability Factor in Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis: The Hunt Continues","volume":"8","author":"Wada","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2005.00438.x","article-title":"Protease Activity of Plasma Hemopexin","volume":"68","author":"Bakker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3396","article-title":"Circulating Angiopoietin-like 4 Links Proteinuria with Hypertriglyceridemia in Nephrotic Syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Clement","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2411","article-title":"Circulating Urokinase Receptor as a Cause of Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis","volume":"17","author":"Wei","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2014.05.010","article-title":"Permeability Factors in Focal and Segmental Glomerulosclerosis","volume":"21","author":"Reiser","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Chronic Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chhuon, C., Herrera-Marcos, L.V., Zhang, S.-Y., Charri\u00e8re-Bertrand, C., Jung, V., Lipecka, J., Savas, B., Nasser, N., Pawlak, A., and Boulmerka, H. (2023). Proteomics of Plasma and Plasma-Treated Podocytes: Application to Focal and Segmental Glomerulosclerosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241512124"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2012.04338.x","article-title":"A Form of Apolipoprotein A-I Is Found Specifically in Relapses of Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis Following Transplantation","volume":"13","author":"Cantarell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12953-019-0155-y","article-title":"Chronic Kidney Disease: A Review of Proteomic and Metabolomic Approaches to Membranous Glomerulonephritis, Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis, and IgA Nephropathy Biomarkers","volume":"17","author":"Taherkhani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proteome Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacobs-Cach\u00e1, C., Puig-Gay, N., Helm, D., Rettel, M., Sellar\u00e8s, J., Meseguer, A., Savitski, M.M., Moreso, F.J., Soler, M.J., and Seron, D. (2020). A Misprocessed Form of Apolipoprotein A-I Is Specifically Associated with Recurrent Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58197-y"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2020.8698","article-title":"IL-17 Aggravates Renal Injury by Promoting Podocyte Injury in Children with Primary Nephrotic Syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Zhai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000578","article-title":"The Immune Podocyte","volume":"31","author":"Bhargava","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2023.13091","article-title":"Immune Podocytes in the Immune Microenvironment of Lupus Nephritis (Review)","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2314471","article-title":"Autoantibodies Targeting Nephrin in Podocytopathies","volume":"391","author":"Hengel","year":"2024","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-21-3988","article-title":"The Important Roles and Molecular Mechanisms of Annexin A2 Autoantibody in Children with Nephrotic Syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Ye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2021.108869","article-title":"Seven Novel Podocyte Autoantibodies Were Identified to Diagnosis a New Disease Subgroup-Autoimmune Podocytopathies","volume":"232","author":"Ye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mnh.0000444814.49755.90","article-title":"The Emerging Role of the Inflammasome in Kidney Diseases","volume":"23","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sameer, A.S., and Nissar, S. (2021). Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs): Structure, Functions, Signaling, and Role of Their Polymorphisms in Colorectal Cancer Susceptibility. Biomed. Res. Int.","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/1157023"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aranda-Rivera, A.K., Srivastava, A., Cruz-Gregorio, A., Pedraza-Chaverri, J., Mulay, S.R., and Scholze, A. (2022). Involvement of Inflammasome Components in Kidney Disease. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11020246"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20191699","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20191699","article-title":"Loss of Decay-Accelerating Factor Triggers Podocyte Injury and Glomerulosclerosis","volume":"217","author":"Angeletti","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zoshima, T., Hara, S., Yamagishi, M., Pastan, I., Matsusaka, T., Kawano, M., and Nagata, M. (2019). Possible Role of Complement Factor H in Podocytes in Clearing Glomerular Subendothelial Immune Complex Deposits. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44380-3"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2024.02.1441","article-title":"The Lectin Pathway\u2013A Dominant Pattern of the Complement System Activation in Primary Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis?","volume":"9","author":"Zagorec","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2016.01.012","article-title":"Podocyte Injury and Its Consequences","volume":"89","author":"Nagata","year":"2016","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2009040450","article-title":"Development of Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis after Anabolic Steroid Abuse","volume":"21","author":"Herlitz","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albano, G.D., Amico, F., Cocimano, G., Liberto, A., Maglietta, F., Esposito, M., Rosi, G.L., Di Nunno, N., Salerno, M., and Montana, A. (2021). Adverse Effects of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids: A Literature Review. Healthcare, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9010097"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfae025","article-title":"Management of Adult Patients with Podocytopathies: An Update from the ERA Immunonephrology Working Group","volume":"39","author":"Mirioglu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfab016","article-title":"The Podocyte as a Direct Target of Glucocorticoids in Nephrotic Syndrome","volume":"37","author":"Smeets","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-018-3929-z","article-title":"Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics of Prednisone and Prednisolone in Patients with Nephrotic Syndrome","volume":"34","author":"Schijvens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, H., Shen, Z., Zhuang, J., Lu, C., Qu, Y., Xu, C., Yang, S., and Tian, X. (2024). Understanding the Podocyte Immune Responses in Proteinuric Kidney Diseases: From Pathogenesis to Therapy. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1335936"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370214530365","article-title":"Cyclosporine A Protects Podocytes via Stabilization of Cofilin-1 Expression in the Unphosphorylated State","volume":"239","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.247.35","article-title":"Once-Daily Low-Dose Cyclosporine A Treatment with Angiotensin Blockade for Long-Term Remission of Nephropathy in Frasier Syndrome","volume":"247","author":"Chiba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tohoku J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liao, R., Liu, Q., Zheng, Z., Fan, J., Peng, W., Kong, Q., He, H., Yang, S., Chen, W., and Tang, X. (2015). Tacrolimus Protects Podocytes from Injury in Lupus Nephritis Partly by Stabilizing the Cytoskeleton and Inhibiting Podocyte Apoptosis. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132724"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2024.05.015","article-title":"The Role of Complement in Kidney Disease: Conclusions from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Controversies Conference","volume":"106","author":"Vivarelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfm587","article-title":"Urinary Proteome and Potential Biomarkers Associated with Serial Pathogenesis Steps of Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis","volume":"23","author":"Shui","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2014.08.016","article-title":"Label-Free Mass Spectrometric Profiling of Urinary Proteins and Metabolites from Paediatric Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome","volume":"452","author":"Sedic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3139","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2006050486","article-title":"Repetitive Fragmentation Products of Albumin and A1-Antitrypsin in Glomerular Diseases Associated with Nephrotic Syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Candiano","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/574261","article-title":"The Novel Diagnostic Biomarkers for Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis","volume":"2014","author":"Nafar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2022.04.006","article-title":"Serum Protein Signatures Using Aptamer-Based Proteomics for Minimal Change Disease and Membranous Nephropathy","volume":"7","author":"Muruve","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Rep."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12014-017-9153-1","article-title":"Potential Urine Proteomics Biomarkers for Primary Nephrotic Syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Araumi, A., Osaki, T., Ichikawa, K., Kudo, K., Suzuki, N., Watanabe, S., Watanabe, M., and Konta, T. (2021). Urinary and Plasma Proteomics to Discover Biomarkers for Diagnosing between Diabetic Nephropathy and Minimal Change Nephrotic Syndrome or Membranous Nephropathy. Biochem. Biophys. Rep., 27.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2021.101102"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1159\/000335383","article-title":"Uromodulin and Antitrypsin Urinary Peptide Analysis to Differentiate Glomerular Kidney Diseases","volume":"35","author":"Ibernon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Press. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez, V., Ibern\u00f3n, M., L\u00f3pez, D., Pastor, M.C., Navarro, M., Navarro-Mu\u00f1oz, M., Bonet, J., and Romero, R. (2014). Urinary Peptide Profiling to Differentiate between Minimal Change Disease and Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087731"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez, V., L\u00f3pez, D., Boixadera, E., Ibern\u00f3n, M., Espinal, A., Bonet, J., and Romero, R. (2017). Comparative Differential Proteomic Analysis of Minimal Change Disease and Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis. BMC Nephrol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-017-0452-6"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chebotareva, N.V., Vinogradov, A., Brzhozovskiy, A.G., Kashirina, D.N., Indeykina, M.I., Bugrova, A.E., Lebedeva, M., Moiseev, S., Nikolaev, E.N., and Kononikhin, A.S. (2022). Potential Urine Proteomic Biomarkers for Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis and Minimal Change Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012607"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-015-1162-7","article-title":"Differentially Expressed Urinary Biomarkers in Children with Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Suresh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"sfad296","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfad296","article-title":"Differentiating Primary and Secondary FSGS Using Non-Invasive Urine Biomarkers","volume":"17","author":"Catanese","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2009.07.011","article-title":"Very Low-Molecular-Mass Fragments of Albumin in the Plasma of Patients With Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis","volume":"54","author":"Hellin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-5956-12-42","article-title":"Dynamic Changes of Urinary Proteins in a Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis Rat Model","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proteome Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2012.875","article-title":"Screening for Urinary Biomarkers of Steroid-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome in Children","volume":"5","author":"Bai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16806","DOI":"10.5812\/numonthly.16806","article-title":"Urinary Prognostic Biomarkers in Patients With Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis","volume":"6","author":"Kalantari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nephrourol. Mon."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1002\/prca.201100081","article-title":"Plasma and Urine Proteomic Profiles in Childhood Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome","volume":"6","author":"Andersen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proteom. Clin. Appl."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1002\/prca.201000110","article-title":"Discovery and Initial Validation of \u03b1 1-B Glycoprotein Fragmentation as a Differential Urinary Biomarker in Pediatric Steroid-resistant Nephrotic Syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Piyaphanee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proteom. Clin. Appl."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalantari, S., Nafar, M., Rutishauser, D., Samavat, S., Rezaei-Tavirani, M., Yang, H., and Zubarev, R.A. (2014). Predictive Urinary Biomarkers for Steroid-Resistant and Steroid-Sensitive Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis Using High Resolution Mass Spectrometry and Multivariate Statistical Analysis. BMC Nephrol., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2369-15-141"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, J., Zheng, F., Liu, F., He, J., Li, S., Pu, W., Xu, H., Luo, Z., Liu, S., and Yin, L. (2023). Global-Feature of Autoimmune Glomerulonephritis Using Proteomic Analysis of Laser Capture Microdissected Glomeruli. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1131164"},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"263","article-title":"Proteomic Patterns in Glomerular Research, a Laser Capture Microdissection and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Approach","volume":"31","author":"Pralea","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Rom. Med. Lab."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2019070696","article-title":"Proteomic Analysis Identifies Distinct Glomerular Extracellular Matrix in Collapsing Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis","volume":"31","author":"Merchant","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.12.012","article-title":"Single-Nephron Proteomes Connect Morphology and Function in Proteinuric Kidney Disease","volume":"93","author":"Frese","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Truong, T., and Kelly, R.T. (2024). What\u2019s New in Single-Cell Proteomics. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 86.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2024.103077"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-022-01302-5","article-title":"Deep Visual Proteomics Defines Single-Cell Identity and Heterogeneity","volume":"40","author":"Mund","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z., Yang, J., Du, M., and Xin, W. (2023). Functioning and Mechanisms of PTMs in Renal Diseases. Front. Pharmacol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1238706"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Xie, J., Zhang, X., Tong, J., Hao, X., Ren, H., Wang, W., and Chen, N. (2017). Serum C3 and Renal Outcome in Patients with Primary Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-03344-1"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thurman, J.M., Wong, M., Renner, B., Frazer-Abel, A., Giclas, P.C., Joy, M.S., Jalal, D., Radeva, M.K., Gassman, J., and Gipson, D.S. (2015). Complement Activation in Patients with Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136558"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, J., Cui, Z., Gu, Q., Zhang, Y., Qu, Z., Wang, X., Wang, F., Cheng, X., Meng, L., and Liu, G. (2020). Complement Activation Profile of Patients with Primary Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0234934"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2023.12.015","article-title":"A Prospective Study on Complement Activation Distinguishes Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis from Minimal Change Disease","volume":"9","author":"Cambier","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Rep."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2010.143","article-title":"Urinary CD80 Is Elevated in Minimal Change Disease but Not in Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis","volume":"78","author":"Garin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1159\/000109396","article-title":"Urinary Cytokines and Steroid Responsiveness in Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome of Childhood","volume":"28","author":"Woroniecki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.20213210S1445a","article-title":"Comparison of Glomerular Proteomics Profiles of Healthy Human Kidney and Minimal Change Disease Identifies Distinct Targets and Pathways","volume":"32","author":"Almaani","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ni, J., Tian, S., Bai, L., Lv, Q., Liu, J., Liu, J., Fang, Y., Zhai, Y., Shen, Q., and Rao, J. (2022). Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Children FSGS FFPE Tissues. BMC Pediatr., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-022-03764-7"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bukosza, E.N., Kornauth, C., Hummel, K., Schachner, H., Huttary, N., Krieger, S., N\u00f6bauer, K., Oszwald, A., Razzazi Fazeli, E., and Kratochwill, K. (2020). ECM Characterization Reveals a Massive Activation of Acute Phase Response during FSGS. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21062095"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.2217\/bmm-2018-0152","article-title":"Urine Markers of Podocyte Dysfunction: A Review of Podocalyxin and Nephrin in Selected Glomerular Diseases","volume":"12","author":"Akankwasa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomark. Med."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kostovska, I., Trajkovska, K.T., Topuzovska, S., Cekovska, S., Labudovic, D., Kostovski, O., and Spasovski, G. (2022). Nephrinuria and Podocytopathies. Advances in Clinical Chemistry, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acc.2021.08.001"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/6\/2450\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:49:44Z","timestamp":1760028584000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/6\/2450"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,9]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26062450"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26062450","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,9]]}}}