{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:15:27Z","timestamp":1789085727098,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heart failure (HF) is a major health problem because of its high prevalence, morbidity, mortality, and cost of care. An important contributor to morbidity and mortality in patients with advanced HF is kidney dysfunction. Almost half of HF patients develop cardiorenal syndrome (CRS). The management of advanced HF complicated by CRS is challenging. Two main strategies have been widely accepted for the management of CRS, namely improving cardiac output and relieving congestion. Diuretics remain the cornerstone and first-line therapy for decongestion; however, a substantial number of CRS patients develop diuretic resistance. In the face of persistent congestion and the progressive deterioration of kidney function, the implementation of kidney replacement therapy may become the only solution. In the review the current evidence on extracorporeal and peritoneal-based kidney replacement techniques for the therapy of CRS patients are presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26062456","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T06:59:59Z","timestamp":1741589999000},"page":"2456","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Heart Failure\u2014Focus on Kidney Replacement Therapy: Why, When, and How?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Ewa","family":"Wojtaszek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marlena","family":"Kwiatkowska-Stawiarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Sobieszcza\u0144ska-Ma\u0142ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, Thoracic Surgery and Transplantation, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"G\u0142ogowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Kaszy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Markowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u0142awomir","family":"Ma\u0142yszko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Invasive Cardiology, University Teaching Hospital, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8701-8171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolanta","family":"Ma\u0142yszko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3272","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvac013","article-title":"Global burden of heart failure: A comprehensive and updated review of epidemiology","volume":"118","author":"Savarese","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.21037\/amj.2020.03.03","article-title":"Global epidemiology and future trends of heart failure","volume":"5","author":"Lippi","year":"2020","journal-title":"AME Med. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.872","article-title":"Organ dysfunction, injury and failure in acute heart failure: From pathophysiology to diagnosis and management. A review on behalf of the Acute Heart Failure Committee of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)","volume":"19","author":"Harjola","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2018.08.012","article-title":"Advanced heart failure therapies and cardiorenal syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Cowger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Chronic Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.813","article-title":"Epidemiology and one-year outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved, mid-range and reduced ejection fraction: An analysis of the ESC Heart Failure Long-Term Registry","volume":"19","author":"Chioncel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2021-320131","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence and survival of heart failure: A systematic review","volume":"108","author":"Johnson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e031745","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.123.031745","article-title":"Acute Heart Failure Is a Malignant Process: But We Can Induce Remission","volume":"12","author":"Cotter","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.5527\/wjn.v6.i4.168","article-title":"Fluid overload as a major target in management of cardiorenal syndrome: Implications for the practice of peritoneal dialysis","volume":"6","author":"Kazory","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.111.963413","article-title":"Is Worsening Renal Function an Ominous Prognostic Sign in Patients With Acute Heart Failure? The Role of Congestion and Its Interaction With Renal Function","volume":"5","author":"Metra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1697","article-title":"Evaluation of kidney function throughout the heart failure trajectory\u2014A position statement from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology","volume":"22","author":"Mullens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bedo, D., Beaudrey, T., and Florens, N. (2024). Unraveling chronic cardiovascular and kidney disorder through the butterfly effect. Diagnostics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14050463"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e840","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000664","article-title":"Cardiorenal syndrome: Classification, pathphysiology, diagnosis, and treatment strategies. A scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"139","author":"Rangaswami","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfac133","article-title":"New aspects in cardiorenal syndrome and HFpEF","volume":"15","author":"Mendez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clinical Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.07.051","article-title":"Cardiorenal Syndrome","volume":"52","author":"Ronco","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1002\/jcu.23265","article-title":"Cardiorenal syndrome: Pathphysiology as a key to the therapeutic approach in an under-diagnosed disease","volume":"50","author":"Prastaro","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Ultrasound."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccl.2020.01.004","article-title":"Right heart failure and cardiorenal syndrome","volume":"38","author":"Tabucanon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13118","article-title":"Congestive nephropathy: A neglected entity? Proposal for diagnostic criteria and future perspectives","volume":"8","author":"Assmus","year":"2021","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gallo, G., Lanza, O., and Savoia, C. (2023). New insight in cardiorenal syndrome: From biomarkers to therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065089"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12422","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.103354","article-title":"New insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying cardiorenal syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.08.080","article-title":"Increased central venous pressure is associated with impaired renal function and mortality in a broad spectrum of patients with cardiovascular disease","volume":"53","author":"Damman","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.05.068","article-title":"Importance of venous congestion for worsening of renal function in advanced decompensated heart failure","volume":"53","author":"Mullens","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1159\/000452283","article-title":"The central role of endothelial dysfunction in cardiorenal syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cardiorenal Med."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"e9869","article-title":"Panoramic dominance of the immune system in cardiorenal syndrome type I","volume":"12","author":"Peesapati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Georgopoulou, T., Petrakis, I., Dermitzaki, K., Pleros, C., Drosataki, E., Aletras, G., Foukarakis, E., Lioudaki, E., Androulakis, E., and Stylianou, K. (2023). Cardiorenal syndrome: Challenges in everyday clinical practice and key points towards a better management. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12124121"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"581","article-title":"Diuretic resistance: Physiology and therapeutics","volume":"19","author":"Ellison","year":"1999","journal-title":"Semin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V3121878","article-title":"A volume-independent component to postdiuretic sodium retention in humans","volume":"3","author":"Almeshari","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1159\/000497748","article-title":"Multi-Omics Approach: New potential key mechanisms implicated in cardiorenal syndromes","volume":"9","author":"Virzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiorenal Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gembillo, G., Visconti, L., Giusti, M.A., Siligato, R., Gallo, A., Santoro, D., and Mattina, A. (2021). Cardiorenal Syndrome: New pathways and novel biomarkers. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11111581"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.3390\/hearts5030024","article-title":"Strategies for the Management of Cardiorenal Syndrome in the Acute Hospital Setting","volume":"5","author":"Chandramohan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hearts"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3599","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab368","article-title":"2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure","volume":"42","author":"McDonagh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01659-1","article-title":"The SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin in patients hospitalized for acute heart failure: A multinational randomized trial","volume":"28","author":"Voors","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1159\/000541393","article-title":"Efficacy of Modern Therapies for Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction in Specific Population Subgroups: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis","volume":"14","author":"Lavalle","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiorenal Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1369","article-title":"The use of diuretics in heart failure with congestion\u2014A position statement from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology","volume":"21","author":"Mullens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.12.059","article-title":"Diuretic therapy for patients with heart failure","volume":"75","author":"Felker","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2625","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02532-z","article-title":"Natriuresis-guided diuretic therapy in acute heart failure: A pragmatic randomized trial","volume":"29","author":"Beldhuis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2015.05.009","article-title":"Competing risk of cardiac status and renal function during hospitalization for acute decompensated heart failure","volume":"3","author":"Salah","year":"2015","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2019.08.034","article-title":"Effect on survival of concurrent hemoconcentration and increase in creatinine during treatment of acute decompensated heart failure","volume":"124","author":"Griffin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2021.09.026","article-title":"Rates of reversal of volume overload in hospitalized acute heart failure: Association with lng-term kidney function","volume":"80","author":"McCallum","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15205","article-title":"The pathophysiology of diuretic resistance and its implications for the management of chronic heart failure","volume":"76","author":"Wilcox","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3390\/kidneydial3010005","article-title":"Renal mechanisms of diuretic resistance in congestive heart failure","volume":"3","author":"Lameire","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kidney Dial."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, L., Fu, B., Liu, Y., Hao, N., Ji, Y., and Yang, H. (2023). Diuretic resistance in patients with kidney disease: Challenges and opportunities. Biomed. Pharmacother., 57.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.114058"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2978","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad463","article-title":"Prevention and treatment of diuretic resistance in acute heart failure: When to use which combination of diuretics?","volume":"44","author":"Martens","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s11897-024-00643-3","article-title":"Diuretic treatment in patients with heart failure: Current evidence and future directions\u2014Part I: Looop diuretics","volume":"21","author":"Cuthbert","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Heart Fail. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s11897-024-00643-3","article-title":"Diuretic treatment in patients with heart failure: Current evidence and future directions-Part II: Combination therapy","volume":"21","author":"Cuthbert","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Heart Fail. Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1159\/000442300","article-title":"Acute kidney injury in cardiorenal syndrome type I patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Vandenberghe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiorenal Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.05.001","article-title":"National trends and outcomes in dialysis requiring acute kidney injury in heart failure: 2002\u20132013","volume":"24","author":"Correa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cardiac Fail."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001184","article-title":"American Heart Association. Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Health: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Association","volume":"148","author":"Ndumele","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2020.09.006","article-title":"Worsening kidney function is the major mechanism of heart failure in hypertension: The ALLHAT study","volume":"9","author":"Oparil","year":"2021","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2023.01.006","article-title":"Home dialysis: Conclusions from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) controversies conference","volume":"103","author":"Perl","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e146","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001088","article-title":"Cardiovascular Effects of Home Dialysis Therapies: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association","volume":"146","author":"Sarnak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2018.08.005","article-title":"Heart failure in end-stage kidney disease: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and therapeutic strategies","volume":"38","author":"Rangaswami","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.06.070","article-title":"Contemporary management of severe acute kidney injury and refractory cardiorenal syndrome","volume":"76","author":"Jentzer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1000 Rev-103","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.6935.1","article-title":"Renal Replacement Therapy","volume":"5","author":"Ricci","year":"2016","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2104090","article-title":"Extracorporeal Kidney-Replacement Therapy for Acute Kidney Injury","volume":"386","author":"Gaudry","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.04350422","article-title":"Continuous KRT: A Contemporary Review","volume":"18","author":"Teixeira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2017.05.002","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of renal replacement therapy modalities for acute kidney injury in the intensive care unit","volume":"41","author":"Nash","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chander, S., Luhana, S., Sadarat, F., Parkash, O., Rahaman, Z., Wang, H.Y., Kiran, F., Lohana, A.C., Sapna, F., and Kumari, R. (2024). Mortality and mode of dialysis: Meta-analysis and systematic review. BMC Nephrol., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-023-03435-4"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-023-07211-8","article-title":"Initiation of continuous renal replacement therapy versus intermittent hemodialysis in critically ill patients with severe acute kidney injury: A secondary analysis of STARRT-AKI trial","volume":"49","author":"Wald","year":"2023","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2015.02.328","article-title":"Extended Daily Dialysis Versus Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy for Acute Kidney Injury: A Meta-analysis","volume":"66","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfm004","article-title":"Intermittent haemodiafiltration in refractory congestive heart failure: BNP and balance of inflammatory cytokines","volume":"22","author":"Libetta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-9987.12516","article-title":"Continuous Veno-Venous Hemofiltration Improves Survival of Patients With Congestive Heart Failure and Cardiorenal Syndrome Compared to Slow Continuous Ultrafiltration","volume":"21","author":"Premuzic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ther. Apher. Dial."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.5414\/CNP88FX14","article-title":"Hemodialysis treatment of cardiorenal syndrome","volume":"88","author":"Leskovar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"475","article-title":"Dialysis therapy for volume overload: A feasible option to reduce heart failure hospitalizations in advanced heart failure","volume":"24","author":"Koev","year":"2022","journal-title":"Isr. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000527204","article-title":"Extracorporeal ultrafiltration for acute heart failure","volume":"13","author":"Kazory","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiorenal Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm2204137","article-title":"Extracorporeal veno-venous ultrafiltration in patients with acute heart failure","volume":"22","author":"Somaschini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.4330\/wjc.v15.i5.205","article-title":"Extracorporeal veno-venous ultrafiltration in congestive heart failure: What\u2019s the state of the art? A mini-review","volume":"15","author":"Urbani","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E632","DOI":"10.1532\/hsf.3127","article-title":"Aquapheresis: An institutional experience","volume":"23","author":"Khine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heart Surg. Forum."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s41100-023-00477-0","article-title":"Is Aquapheresis ready for prime time yet for congestive heart failure? A systemic review of the literature","volume":"9","author":"Javed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ren. Replace Ther."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-024-10384-z","article-title":"Development of a new miniaturized system for ultrafiltration","volume":"29","author":"Ronco","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Rev."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1586\/14779072.2016.1110020","article-title":"Extracorporeal ultrafiltration therapy for acute decompensated heart failure","volume":"14","author":"Pourafshar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.05.098","article-title":"Ultrafiltration versus usual care for hospitalized patients with heart failure: The Relief for Acutely Fluid-Overloaded Patients With Decompensated Congestive Heart Failure (RAPID-CHF) trial","volume":"46","author":"Bart","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.05.099","article-title":"Early ultrafiltration in patients with decompensated heart failure and diuretic resistance","volume":"46","author":"Costanzo","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.07.073","article-title":"Ultrafiltration versus intravenous diuretics for patients hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure","volume":"49","author":"Costanzo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfq207","article-title":"Effects of ULTRAfiltration vs. DIureticS on clinical, biohumoral and haemodynamic variables in patients with deCOmpensated heart failure: The ULTRADISCO study","volume":"13","author":"Giglioli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2296","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1210357","article-title":"Ultrafiltration in decompensated heart failure with cardiorenal syndrome","volume":"367","author":"Bart","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2013.11.004","article-title":"Continuous ultrafiltration for congestive heart failure: The CUORE trial","volume":"20","author":"Marenzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2015.08.005","article-title":"Aquapheresis Versus Intravenous Diuretics and Hospitalizations for Heart Failure","volume":"4","author":"Costanzo","year":"2016","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7133.2011.00231.x","article-title":"Extracorporeal ultrafiltration vs. conventional diuretic therapy in advanced decompensated heart failure","volume":"18","author":"Hanna","year":"2012","journal-title":"Congest. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, J., Wan, Q., Zhang, Y., Zhou, J., Li, M., Jiang, L., and Yuan, F. (2020). Efficacy and safety of early ultrafiltration in patients with acute decompensated heart failure with volume overload: A prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-020-01733-5"},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"(2025, February 25). Ultrafiltration Versus IV Diuretics in Worsening Heart Failure (REVERSE-HF), Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT05318105."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Shen, C., Lu, J., Xu, F., Tong, J., Jiang, J., and Fu, G. (2019). Early continuous ultrafiltration in Chinese patients with congestive heart failure (EUC-CHF): Study protocol for an open-label registry-based prospective clinical trial. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-019-1208-y"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1080\/00015385.2017.1291195","article-title":"Ultrafiltration versus intravenous loop diuretics in patients with acute decompensated heart failure: A meta-analysis of clinical trias","volume":"72","author":"Kabach","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-017-9650-3","article-title":"Readmission rate after ultrafiltration in acute decompensated heart failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Rev."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-020-10057-7","article-title":"Ultrafiltration is better than diuretic therapy for volume-overloaded acute heart failure patients: A meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Wobbe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Rev."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"CD013593","article-title":"Ultrafiltration for acute heart failure","volume":"1","author":"Srivastava","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.022","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of ultrafiltration versus decompensated heart failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"104","author":"Ullah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, S., Wang, H., and Ning, B. (2023). Efficacy and safety of early ultrafiltration in patients with acute decompensated heart failure: A meta-analysis. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1234092"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tay, K.L.-Y., Osman, A.R., Yeoh, E.E.X., Luangboriboon, J., Lau, J.F., Chan, J.J.A., Yousif, M., Tse, B.Y.H., Horgan, G., and Gamble, D.T. (2023). Ultrafiltraion versus diuretics on prognostic cardiac and renal biomarkers in acute decompensated heart failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12082793"},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"100230","article-title":"Ten year real world experience with ultrafiltration for the management of acute decompensated heart failure","volume":"24","author":"Haas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. Heart J. Plus"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.02910313","article-title":"Cardiorenal syndrome: Ultrafiltration therapy for heart failure\u2014Trials and tribulations","volume":"8","author":"Kazory","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.109.853556","article-title":"Cost-consequences of ultrafiltration for acute heart failure: A decision model analysis","volume":"2","author":"Bradley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Qual. Outc"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.20913","article-title":"Ultrafiltration for Acute Decompensated Heart Failure: Cost, Reimbursement, and Financial Impact","volume":"34","author":"Ross","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kunin, M., and Beckerman, P. (2022). The peritoneal membrane\u2014A potential mediator of fibrosis and inflammation among heart failure patients on peritoneal dialysis. Membranes, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes12030318"},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"Daugirdas, J.T., Blake, P.G., and Ing, T.S. (2015). Physiology of Peritoneal Dialysis. Handbook of Dialysis, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"Lerma, E.V., and Weir, M.R. (2017). Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Peritoneal Membrane Failure. Principles and Practice of Dialysis, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.3109\/0886022X.2014.884379","article-title":"Potassium metabolism in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients","volume":"36","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"1","article-title":"Correlates of potassium transport during peritoneal equilibration tests using different dialysate glucose concentrations","volume":"30","author":"Gomes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nefrologia"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-018-0507-1","article-title":"Sodium removal by peritoneal dialysis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Borrelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-019-00646-7","article-title":"Comparison of sodium removal in peritoneal dialysis patients treated by continuous ambulatory and automated peritoneal dialysis","volume":"32","author":"Maharjan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"211","article-title":"Peritoneal and urinary transport removal in refractory congestive heart failure patients included In an Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis Prograf: Valuable for monitoring the course of the disease","volume":"13","author":"Montomoli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiorenal Med."},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"27","article-title":"Sodium removal in peritoneal dialysis: The role of icodextrin and peritoneal dialysis modalities","volume":"24","author":"Fourtounas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Perit. Dial."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2003.00310.x","article-title":"Removal of middle molecules and protein bound solutes by peritoneal dialysis and relation to uremic symptoms","volume":"64","author":"Bammens","year":"2003","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590851","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/590851","article-title":"Inflammatory biomarkers in refractory congestive heart failure patients treated with peritoneal dialysis","volume":"2015","author":"Kunin","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.5603\/CJ.a2014.0007","article-title":"Peritoneal ultrafiltration In end-stage congestive heart failure","volume":"21","author":"Wojtaszek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cardiol. J."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"vii32","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfh1105","article-title":"Peritoneal dialysis in refractory end-stage congestive heart failure: A challenge facing a no-win situation","volume":"20","author":"Gotloib","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"605","article-title":"Peritoneal dialysis role in heart failure treatment, experience in our center","volume":"27","author":"Suarez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nefrologia"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1177\/089686080902900118","article-title":"Efficacy of peritoneal dialysis with icodextrin in the long-term treatment of refractory congestive heart failure","volume":"19","author":"Basile","year":"2009","journal-title":"Perit. Dial. Int."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1159\/000321102","article-title":"Peritoneal dialysis in patients with primary cardiac failure complicated by renal failure","volume":"30","author":"Cnossen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood Purif."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2009.08.003","article-title":"Novel therapeutic option for refractory heart failure in elderly patients with chronic kidney disease by incremental peritoneal dialysis","volume":"55","author":"Nakayama","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfp484","article-title":"Efficacy of peritoneal ultrafiltration in the treatment of refractory congestive heart failure","volume":"25","author":"Ortega","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.5414\/CN107026","article-title":"Peritoneal dialysis for patients suffering from severe heart failure","volume":"76","author":"Sotirakopoulos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Nephrology"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfs013","article-title":"Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis as a therapeutic alternative in patients with advanced congestive heart failure","volume":"14","author":"Sanchis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-012-0147-7","article-title":"Use of peritoneal ultrafiltration in the elderly refractory congestive heart failure patients","volume":"44","author":"Ruhi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfs035","article-title":"Peritoneal dialysis relives clinical symptoms an is well tolerated in patients with refractory heart failure and chronic kidney disease","volume":"14","author":"Koch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3747\/pdi.2012.00290","article-title":"Peritoneal ultrafiltration in refractory heart failure: A cohort study","volume":"34","author":"Bertoli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Perit. Dial. Int."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.3747\/pdi.2012.00149","article-title":"Peritoneal dialysis reduces the number of hospitalization days in heart failure patients refractory to diuretics","volume":"34","author":"Courivaud","year":"2014","journal-title":"Perit. Dial. Int."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfv007","article-title":"Peritoneal ultrafiltration in end-stage chronic heart failure","volume":"8","author":"Katus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.4103\/ijn.IJN_12_17","article-title":"Ultrafiltration by peritoneal route in refractory chronic congestive cardiac failure","volume":"28","author":"Hedau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ind. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pavo, N., Yarragudi, R., Puttinger, H., Arfsten, H., Strunk, G., Bojic, A., H\u00fclsmann, M., and Vychytil, A. (2018). Parameters associated with therapeutic response Rusing peritoneal dialysis for therapy refraktory heart failure and congestive right ventricular dysfunction. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0206830"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6529283","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6529283","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of peritoneal dialysis treatment in patients with refractory congestive heart failure due to chronic cardiorenal syndrome","volume":"2018","author":"Shao","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wojtaszek, E., Grzejszczak, A., Niemczyk, S., Malyszko, J., and Matuszkiewicz-Rowi\u0144ska, J. (2019). Peritoneal ultrafiltration in the long-term Treatment of chronic heart failure refractory to pharmacological therapy. Front. Physiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00310"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12411","article-title":"Peritoneal dialysis as therapeutic option In heart failure patients","volume":"6","author":"Grossekettler","year":"2019","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S67","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001918","article-title":"Place of peritoneal dialysis in the management of treatment-resistant congestive heart failure","volume":"70","author":"Mehrotra","year":"2006","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1159\/000380915","article-title":"Peritoneal dialysis in patients with refractory congestive heart failure: A systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Lu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cardiorenal Med."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1177\/0896860819895198","article-title":"The use of peritoneal dialysis in heart failure: A systematic review","volume":"40","author":"Chionh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Perit. Dial. Int."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm2203075","article-title":"Peritoneal dialysis in heart failure: Focus on kidney and ventricular dysfunction","volume":"22","author":"Morales","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-023-10297-3","article-title":"Efficacy of peritoneal dialysis in patients with refractory congestive heart failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"28","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Rev."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14924","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.14924","article-title":"Regular at-home abdominal paraceteses via Tenckhoff catheter in patients with refractory congestive heart failure","volume":"75","author":"Kunin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_129","first-page":"1703","article-title":"Chronic peritoneal drainage in refractory right heart failure and ascites","volume":"7","author":"Yarragudi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kindey Int. Rep."},{"key":"ref_130","first-page":"e876","article-title":"2022 AHA\/ACC\/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"145","author":"Heidenreich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfac201","article-title":"Peritoneal dialysis for acute kidney injury: Back on the front-line","volume":"16","author":"Cullis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1159\/000535243","article-title":"Is it time to give Peritoneal Dialysis its due place in managing acute kidney injury: Lessons learnt from COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"53","author":"Javaid","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bllod Purif."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfad169","article-title":"Multidisciplinary approach to patients with heart failure and kidney disease: Preliminary experience of an integrated cardiorenal unit","volume":"16","author":"Marques","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/6\/2456\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:49:58Z","timestamp":1760028598000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/6\/2456"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"references-count":133,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26062456"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26062456","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]}}}