{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T16:48:05Z","timestamp":1791046085137,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741651200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Maryland School of Dentistry and NIH funding","award":["1R01DE033442-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01DE033442-01A1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tooth root caries account for 10.1% of all dental caries in the USA. This study developed a multifunctional resin coating with calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ion release and antibacterial properties to combat root caries. The effects of nano-sized amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) and dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) on mechanical, physical, and antibacterial properties against Streptococcus mutans, and cytotoxicity on dental pulp stem cells and gingival fibroblasts were evaluated. A coating resin combining urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA), triethylene glycol divinylbenzyl ether (TEGDVBE), DMAHDM, and NACP was synthesized and compared with Seal&amp;Protect and Vanish XT. Experimental groups (UV + 5% DMAHDM + 10%, 15%, and 20% NACP) showed flexural strength (70.9 \u00b1 8.0 to 81.1 \u00b1 6.0) MPa, significantly higher than Seal&amp;Protect (48.2 \u00b1 7.2) MPa (p &lt; 0.05) and comparable to Vanish XT (70.2 \u00b1 13.6) MPa, (p &gt; 0.05). Elastic modulus (2.2 to 3.3) GPa was lower than Vanish XT (9.4 \u00b1 1.1) GPa (p &lt; 0.05). Experimental groups showed an 8 log CFU reduction, 96% reduction in metabolic activity and 87% in lactic acid production, and increased Ca (1.25 \u00b1 0.03) mmol\/L and P (0.8 \u00b1 0.001) mmol\/L release over 35 days. Cytotoxicity for experimental groups against dental pulp stem cells and human gingival fibroblast was low and matched those of commercial controls already used in clinic. The resin demonstrated potent antibacterial properties, high ion release, low cytotoxicity, and maintained physical and mechanical integrity, offering potential to prevent root caries formation and progression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26062490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T06:52:30Z","timestamp":1741675950000},"page":"2490","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Novel Bioactive Resin Coating with Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles for Antibacterial and Remineralization Abilities to Combat Tooth Root Caries"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7197-8239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nader","family":"Almutairi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Biomedical Sciences PhD Program, Graduate School, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomaterials and Regenerative Dental Medicine, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"},{"name":"Department of Conservative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7926-2673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah","family":"Alhussein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7850-9961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Alenizy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Biomedical Sciences PhD Program, Graduate School, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomaterials and Regenerative Dental Medicine, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"},{"name":"Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, University of Hail, Hail 55475, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3524-2515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Ba-Armah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Biomedical Sciences PhD Program, Graduate School, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomaterials and Regenerative Dental Medicine, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"},{"name":"Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heba","family":"Alqarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Biomedical Sciences PhD Program, Graduate School, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomaterials and Regenerative Dental Medicine, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontic Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas W.","family":"Oates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomaterials and Regenerative Dental Medicine, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radi","family":"Masri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomaterials and Regenerative Dental Medicine, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary D.","family":"Hack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomaterials and Regenerative Dental Medicine, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jirun","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The ADA Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Weir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomaterials and Regenerative Dental Medicine, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hockin H. K.","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomaterials and Regenerative Dental Medicine, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"},{"name":"Center for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"},{"name":"Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2021.09.004","article-title":"Update on the prevalence of untreated caries in the US adult population, 2017\u20132020","volume":"153","author":"Bashir","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. 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