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Due to neonates\u2019 immature immune systems, this knowledge could be of interest when investigating the degree of early-life protection against SARS-CoV-2. For perinatal infections such as Rubella and Toxoplasmosis, the timing of infection related to gestational age is crucial for the severity of maternal-fetal outcomes; hence, the trimester of SARS-CoV-2 infection could potentially be crucial. So far, there is no stratification on all three trimesters of SARS-CoV-2 infection in relation to maternal antibody levels in SARS-CoV-2 positive women, and the degree of transfer of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies to the newborn nor on obstetric and neonatal outcomes, which we examined in this study. Eleven departments in Denmark invited women who tested SARS-CoV-2 positive during pregnancy to participate with a blood sample and a cord blood sample at delivery. 459 SARS-CoV-2 positive women and 2567 SARS-CoV-2 negative women were included. A percentage of 87.5%, 95.3%, and 60.3% of newborns of women who tested positive in their first, second, and third trimester, respectively, had a significantly higher immunoglobin G (IgG) antibody level than their mother at delivery, indicating that the fetus is able to concentrate antibody levels or maintain the level of IgG antibodies transferred. None of the examined maternal-fetal outcomes were increased in women infected with SARS-CoV-2.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26062533","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T07:31:42Z","timestamp":1741764702000},"page":"2533","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Maternal-Fetal Outcomes and Antibody Transfer, Depending on the Trimester of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Non-Vaccinated Women\u2014A Danish Nationwide Prospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2558-866X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Line","family":"Fich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann-Marie Hellerung","family":"Christiansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1172-6099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathrine Vauvert R.","family":"Hviid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4754-506X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna J. M.","family":"Aabakke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Copenhagen University Hospital\u2014Holb\u00e6k, 4300 Holb\u00e6k, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Copenhagen University Hospital\u2014North Zealand, 3400 Hiller\u00f8d, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2588-0652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DNRF Center for Chromosome Stability, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4843-9285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Ingham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DNRF Center for Chromosome Stability, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1150-3896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquim","family":"Oll\u00e9-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DNRF Center for Chromosome Stability, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, 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Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9080-3389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Line","family":"Rode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Vinter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark"},{"name":"Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8853-0986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gitte","family":"Hedermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianne Jenlev","family":"Vestgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5286-3244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Farlie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Regionshospitalet Viborg, 8800 Viborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2191-4138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"S\u00f8rensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iben","family":"Sundtoft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Regionshospital Herning, 7400 Herning, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7043-5315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne Cathrine","family":"Godtfredsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sydvestjysk Sygehus, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars Winter","family":"Burmester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, North Denmark Regional Hospital, 9800 Hjoerring, 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Obstetrics and Gynecology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mette Marie Babiel Schmidt","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pia","family":"Egerup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Zedeler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Fertility Clinic, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amalie Dyhrberg","family":"Boje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Louise Mathilde Friis","family":"Bertelsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisbeth","family":"Pr\u00e6torius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Fertility Clinic, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aidan Grundtvig","family":"Kristensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1592-5407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Finn Stener","family":"J\u00f8rgensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Westh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6374-761X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrik L.","family":"J\u00f8rgensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5670-2015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina","family":"la Cour Freiesleben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Fertility Clinic, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2106-8103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henriette Svarre","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"John Hopkins University (2023, March 10). 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