{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T02:13:24Z","timestamp":1790302404495,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":253,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia","award":["1062671"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1062671"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sympathetic nerves innervate bone marrow and various immune organs, where norepinephrine\u2014the primary sympathetic neurotransmitter\u2014directly interacts with immune cells that express adrenergic receptors. This article reviewed the key molecular pathways triggered by sympathetic activation and explored how sympathetic activity influences immune cell migration. Norepinephrine serves as a chemoattractant for monocytes, macrophages, and stem cells, promoting the migration of myeloid cells while inhibiting the migration of lymphocytes at physiological concentrations. We also examined the role of immune cell infiltration in cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Evidence suggests that sympathetic activation increases myeloid cell infiltration into target tissues across various cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, cardiac fibrosis, cardiac hypertrophy, arrhythmia, myocardial infarction, heart failure, and stroke. Conversely, inhibiting sympathetic activity may serve as a potential therapeutic strategy to treat these conditions by reducing macrophage infiltration. Furthermore, sympathetic activation promotes macrophage accumulation in cancer tissues, mirroring its effects in cardiovascular diseases, while suppressing T lymphocyte infiltration into cancerous sites. These changes contribute to increased cancer growth and metastasis. Thus, inhibiting sympathetic activation could help to protect against cancer by enhancing T cell infiltration and reducing macrophage presence in tumors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26062553","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T10:45:06Z","timestamp":1741776306000},"page":"2553","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Neuroimmune Interactions and Their Role in Immune Cell Trafficking in Cardiovascular Diseases and Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6264-6443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yutang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Life Science, Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC 3353, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack C.","family":"Anesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Life Science, Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC 3353, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4395-5096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Indu S.","family":"Panicker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Life Science, Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC 3353, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darcy","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Life Science, Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC 3353, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prapti","family":"Bista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Life Science, Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC 3353, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Life Science, Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC 3353, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4577-5323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ernesto","family":"Oqueli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Grampians Health Ballarat, Ballarat, VIC 3353, Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3217, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.3MA0517-194RR","article-title":"Activation of the sympathetic nervous system modulates neutrophil function","volume":"103","author":"Nicholls","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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